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Anthropology of the Human Face > Bone bio embryo > Flashcards

Bone bio embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Bone must…

A

be created and maintained/repaired
respond to stress
be capable of growth
must be a living tissue

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2
Q

wolff’s law

A

since bone is metabolically expensive it will adapt to the load placed on it
-deposited where needed and resorbed where not needed
the higher the pressure to more bone deposited

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3
Q

bone tissue

A

not solid; is a matrix of composite material

the holes within matrix can be large or small

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4
Q

organic composite material of bone

A

protein-located in marrow
-collagen
resp. for elsticity and flexibility
makes up 90%

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5
Q

inorganic composite material of bone

A

mineral-gives rigidity and sturcture

made of hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

bone types

A

molecular and cellular composition is identical even when arrangement differs

compact (cortical bone)=external surface

spongy (trabecular/cancellous bone)=internal surface

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7
Q

osteocytes

A

living bone cells

regulate bone growth and chemical exchange

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells
secrete osteoid
when trapped they become osteocytes

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9
Q

osteoclasts

A 
bone removing (cutting) cells
resorb bone by recycling cellular materials
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10
Q

haversian system

A 
creates bone structure, does not contain marrow and exists within the cortical section
includes:
-haversian lamellae
-haversian canal
-Volmann's canals
-lacunae
-canaliculi
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11
Q

volkmann’s canal

A

connects 2 haversian systems

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12
Q

canaliculi

A

connects osteocytes

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13
Q

haversian canal

A

long bone connection?

canal for blood vessel

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14
Q

haversian lamellae

A

plates that surround haversian canal and include osteocytes?

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15
Q

lacuna

A

the cavity that osteocytes sit in

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16
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone develops by replacing a preexisting connective tissue

of either membrane or cartilage

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17
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

comes from replacement of membrane connective tissue
is a process in which:
1. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) organize
2. mesenchymal condenses into layers (membrane)
3. MSC differentiate into membrane
4. osteoblasts secrete collagen matrix (osteoid)
5. matrix mineralizes beginning at center of ossification (CO1)
6. ossification fans out from CO1

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18
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  1. MSC organize
  2. MSC differentiate into chrondrocytes (cartilage producing cells)
  3. chondrocytes create a cartilage model
  4. blood vessels pierce carilage model which brings osteoblasts to secrete osteoid which mineralizes into bone
  5. blood vessels then pierce both ends of the cartilage model
  6. osteoclasts remove bone from the center of the ossified bone shaft
  7. growth continues at the cartilage border between the shaft (CO1) and ends (CO2) until after puberty
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19
Q

interstitial bone growth

A

occurs at the cartilagenous plate/epiphyseal plate/ synchrondosis (in head)
resp. for growth in length

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20
Q

appositional bone growth

A

bone growth in diameter

occurs on bone surface by putting layers on the outside and then taking bone away in the middle to form a cavity

21
Q

bone growth in length

A

interstitial bone growth

22
Q

bone growth in diameter

A

appositional bone growth

23
Q

4 sources of variation in bone growth

A
  1. ontogeny (speed of growth)
  2. sex (body size dimorphism)
  3. geography/population
  4. individual (gene and environment interaction)
24
Q

fertilization

A

occurs on day 1

cleavage comes next

25
cleavage
occurs on day 2 | after fertilization, before compaction
26
compaction
gone through cleavage 4ish times (day 3) | after cleavage, before blastualtion
27
blastulation
start of differentiating (day 5) | after compaction, before implantation
28
implantation
day 7 | after blastulation, before cell mass differentiation
29
cell mass differentiation
day 9- differentiating into epiblast, hypoblast, cytotrophoblast after implantation, before bilaminar disc formation
30
bilaminar disc formation
day 12- amniotic cavity and yolk sac form; the space between them eventually becomes a human after cell mass differentiation, before trilaminar disc formation
31
trilaminar disc formation
day 15- adds 3rd layer between epiblast and yolk sac (made of hypoblast) 3rd layer is invaginating mesoderm cells after bilaminar disc formation, before neural plate appearance
32
neural plate apperance
day 17- neural plate appears out of primitive streak hypoblast=endoderm now after trilaminar disc formation, before neural fold elevation
33
neural fold elevation
day 20 | after neural plate appearance, before neural fold fusion
34
neural fold fusion
day 21 after neural fold elevation before neural crest appearance neural tube appears from neural groove (originally neural plate) mesoderm become somites
35
neural crest appearance
day 21 after neural fold fusion, before neural crest cell migration neural crest form from ectoderm
36
neural crest cell migration
day 21 | neural crest cells migrate to form a little bit of everything but mostly in head
37
ectoderm forms...
skin and nervous system?
38
mesoderm forms...
cardiocascular and locomotor organs
39
endoderm forms...
respiratory and digestive organs
40
mesoderm can either be...
mesenchyme or mesothelium
41
mesenchyme
any loosely organized embryonic connective tissue regardless of germ layer origin
42
cause of cleft lip/palatte
lack of fusion in prominences
43
pharyngeal arches
5 paired swellings wedged between the developing heart and brain that are maid of all 4 types of germ layers
44
pharyngeal arch number 1
maxillary and mandibular swellings that lead to devel. of greater sphenoid wing, malleus and incus
45
pharyngeal arch number 2
stapes styloid process, upper hyoid
46
neurogenic placodes
areas of thickening of the ectoderm that develop into structures of central nervous system neural crest cells contribute to all placodes
47
otic placode
develops into ear | smooth, invaginating placode--> cup --> ear
48
lens placode
develops into eye | same process as with otic placode
49
olfactory placodes
develops into nose

Anthropology of the Human Face (8 decks)

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