Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology for engineers test 2 > Bone and cartilage repair strategies > Flashcards

Bone and cartilage repair strategies Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 main bone repair strategies

A

▪ Guided bone regeneration
▪ Biophysical effects
▪ Distraction Osteogenesis
▪ Biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

6 main cartilage repair strategies

A

▪Chondroarthritis
▪Lavage/Debridement
▪ Cell Containing Devices
▪ Mosaicplasty
▪ Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation (ACT)
▪ Extracorporal Strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 current materials approaches to bone/cartilage reconstruction

A

Biomaterials( metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers)
Autografts
Allografts
Xenografts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Currently why are tissue grafts(Autografts Allografts Xenografts) better than artificial substitutes?

A

they contain living cells and tissue interacting substances - possess Biological Activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Just like most materials problems what is the best thing to do, to optimize bone/cartilage repair materials? Also what 2 properties does this optimized material improve?

A

composite the grafts/ living host cells with artificial substitutes(metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers) in to a cell containing hybrid. these hybrids can provide physiological response and structural support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is bone/ cartilage engineering meant to do?

A

Exploit living cells to restore, maintain or enhance tissue function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

definition of situ

A

in the natural or original position or place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three principal methods of Bone and Cartilage Engineering?

A

-In situ
Tissue Regeneration
-Implantation of
Freshly Isolated
or Cultured Cells
-Implantation of a
Bone-like or Cartilage-like Tissue assembled
in vitro from cells and scaffolds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

simply put how does In situ Tissue Regeneration work?

A
  • New tissue formation is induced by specific scaffolds,
  • External stimuli – stimulates body’s ability to self repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

simply put how does Implantation of
Freshly Isolated
or Cultured Cells work?

A

Individuals cells or cell aggregates from patient injected directly into damaged region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

simply put how does Implantation of a
Bone-like or Cartilage-like Tissue assembled
in vitro from cells and scaffolds work?

A

Complete three dimensional tissue is grown in vitro using autologous or donor cells within a scaffold after its reached
maturity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 classical bone repair strategies

A

-Enhancement of the local host cell population.
-Transplantation of grafted bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the augmentation of the host cell population do?

A
  • Improves healing of bone lesions (damage).
  • Highly dependant on condition of the repair site.
    –If soft & hard tissue are healthy – expansion of host cells is often successfully applied.
    –Wound infection/ tissue necrosis /irritation – cellular augmentation of the local bone cell population will fail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what chemical stains are used to determine bone health?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is bone health determined using Hematoxylin and eosin stain

A
  • Non-viable bone as demonstrated by lack of nucleoli in
    bone lacunae (L) and necrosis of bone marrow (NB).
  • Cultures of the marrow had no bacterial/fungal growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How doe the membrane techniques for bone repair work in simple terms?(GBR)

A

Membrane Techniques are used to improve defect healing by ingrowth of local cells in the defect site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Guided bone regeneration objective and Healing pattern(mostly for facial maxilla and mandible)(GBR)

A

Objective: Separate Bone Tissue from the soft Tissue
Ingrowth by a barrier.
Healing pattern:
-Blood clot formation.
- Invasion by osteoprogenitor cells(stem cells in the bone that play a important role in bone repair and growth).
- Differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts(bone BUILDERS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is Guided bone regeneration applied?(dental)(GBR)

A

+ Extractions - Empty tooth socket after extraction – fill with bone-inducing granulate to avoid alveolus atrophy( bone degradation)
+Periodontopathy inflammation of the tissue around the teeth, often causing shrinkage of the gums and loosening of the teeth, ligament and surrounding bone are destroyed - tooth loss
+ Sinus floor elevation - Also called sinus-lifting - thickening of the bottom wall of
the sinus, where the implant is to be placed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

principles of guided bone regeneration(GBR)

A

-the implant is inserted in to he bone at the alveolar crest(first layer of bone that is not tooth)
-Membranes attached to the defect site – seals the
defect from tissue ingrowth of adjacent tissues.
- New bone is developed by using the membrane techniques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

does bone augmentation work very good with out any membrane techniques?(GBR)

A

no, it results in a mid ass state of repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

specifically what are the materials (BioOss, BioGide, BioGen, BioCollagen) used in guided bone regeneration able to fix

A

*Atrophied tooth-supporting structures.
* Reconstruction of bones destroyed by periodontal disease.
* Reconstruction of bones before implant treatment.
* Reconstruction of soft tissues surrounding the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 variables deciding if guided bone regeneration will work good?(GBR)

A
  • Defect size and geometry.
  • Defects repair better when there is more than two bony walls.
  • Main limitation – difficult to reconstruct geometrically complex or large defect sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 Biophysical bone repair strategies

A

I. Electrical Stimulation
II. Mechanical Stimulation – Distraction osteogenesis, ultrasound stimulation, fracture activation
III. Ultra sound adjacent structures (ligament, joints, muscle) – major impact on the resultant biophysical signal at the desired effector site.
IV. Distraction Osteogenesis Bones are gradually moved from each other – new bone grows within the gap. Molecular mechanisms governing the formation of new bone in interfragemental gap of
gradually distracted bone still unclear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Biophysical Electrical stimulation do?

A

applied to a patient to enhance bone formation – the electrical stimuli can also affect other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 3 main types of biophysical mechanical stimulation?

A

-Distraction osteogenesis
-ultrasound stimulation
-fracture activation

26
Q

What is distraction osteo genesis used for?

A
  • used to augment bone
    – frequently used for bone reconstruction.
  • Reconstruct skeletal deformities and lengthen bones
27
Q

what is cortectomy

A

used to fracture bone into two segments.

28
Q

how does Distraction
Osteogenesis work?

A

Bones are gradually moved from each other – new bone grows within the interfragmental gap after cortectomy.

29
Q

How are Biomolecules applied?

A

applied with or without a carrier to augment local bone cell populations.

30
Q

Osteoinductive Growth Factors Bio molecule TGF-b

A

Osteoinductive Growth FactorsTransforming growth factor beta

31
Q

Osteoinductive Growth Factors Bio molecule BMPS

A

Bone morphogenic proteins

32
Q

Osteoinductive Growth Factors Bio molecule IGFs

A

Insulin-like Growth Factors

33
Q

Osteoinductive Growth Factors Bio molecule PDGFs

A

Platlet-derived growth factors

34
Q

Osteoinductive Growth Factors Bio molecule FGFs

A

Fibroblast growth factors

35
Q

What bone tissue does a segmental long bone defect require?

A

Cortical Bone

36
Q

What bone tissue does a Maxillary alveolar crest bone defect require?

A

Cancellous Bone

37
Q

what are the Factors restricting commercial development of Osteoinductive Growth Factors

A

Dose, Carrier, Patient Variability

38
Q

How can gene therapy deliver Osteoinductive Growth Factors

A

delivery of the DNA encoding a growth factor rather than delivery of the protein itself.

39
Q

what are the 2 variables that effect the donor grafting sight (where allograft bone is taken from)

A

amount of bone and type of bone needed( Periosteal flaps, Cancellous bone chips, Cortical bone chips, Bulk cortico-spongiosal grafts
and Vascularized bone

40
Q

What are the main types of bone graft tissue?

A

Periosteal flaps
Cancellous bone chips
Cortical bone chips
Bulk cortico-spongiosal grafts.
Vascularized bone

41
Q

what types of bone graft tissue can be used for small bone defects?

A

small grafts (periosteal flaps, cancellous/cortical chips).
Endochondral bone from the illium, tibia, rib can be harvested.

42
Q

what types of bone graft tissue can be used for large bone defects?

A

bulk cortico-spongiosal grafts are necessary.

43
Q

Problems with conventional grafts

A
  • Susceptibility to infection.
  • Unknown survival of transplanted cells.
  • Unpredictable degree of resorption
44
Q

what are the variables affecting conventional bone graft resorption?

A

-The graft volume,
-Delay time before loading,
-Condition of the transplant bed.

45
Q

what do vascularized bone grafts do?

A

facilitate bone healing and re-vascularize bone by this mechanism they accelerate fracture healing. They Offer superior biological and mechanical properties over nonvascular bone grafts. Osteocytes are preserved and results in accelerated graft consolidation.

46
Q

What is the main type of cartilage that is repaired

A

Articular Cartilage due to it being the most commonly diseased

47
Q

What is articular cartilage critical for?

A

undisturbed joint function.

48
Q

two main goals of cartilage reconstruction + one current critical objective

A

-Immediate need for clinical pain relief and restoration of joint function.
-Prevent or delay the onset of arthritis.
- delay joint replacements for a clinically significant period.

49
Q

two types of cartilage repair therapies

A

-Drugs
-surgical options

50
Q

6 stages of chondroarthritis

A
  • Healthy layer.
  • Alteration of superficial zone.
  • Destruction of the superficial zone accompanied
    by disturbance of deeper cartilage layers.
  • Destruction of cartilage down to the calcified
    cartilage layer.
  • Thinning of the cartilage layer.
  • Severe destruction of the basal cartilage zones
51
Q

How large does cartilage damage have to be to bee unable to heal?

A

2-4mm

52
Q

Why does cartilage not heal?

A

No blood supply.
No neural network.
No lymphatic drainage

53
Q

what are the 3 strategies to improve Chondroarthritis

A
  • Condition of joint fluids (lavage).
  • Mechanically remove diseased/necrotic chondral tissue (shaving, debridement, laser abrasion).
  • Gain access to subchondral bone (abrasion chondroplasty, pridie drilling, microfracture techniques, spongialisation)
54
Q

-what is lavage

A

performed by arthroscopy(A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision) and debris(inflamed/necrotic tissue) are removed from joint space thereby alleviating pain.

55
Q

what does Provocation(eliciting) of Bleeding from Subchondral Joint Space & Blood Clot Formation aim to do?

A

induce spontaneous cartilage repair

56
Q

what is periosteal

A

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones

57
Q

perichondral tissue

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

58
Q

what tissue is used to make cell containing devices for articular cartilage?

A

periosteal or perichondral tissue

59
Q

what does Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation use to seal in new cells?

A

use periosteal flap to cover the cell filled defect to seal in injected cells

60
Q

periosteal or perichondral tissue contain cells that what?

A

contain cells that possess a
life-long chondrogenic or osteogenic activity

61
Q
A

Biology for engineers test 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions