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BDS1 BAMS: Tissues > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups of connective tissues?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper (loose or dense)

2. Skeletal connective tissues (bone and cartilage)

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
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3
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Flexible, avascular connective tissues that provide support and resistance to compression

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4
Q

What is the long shaft of bone termed?

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

What type of bone marrow is in the diaphysis?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

What type of cartilage is at the end of long bones?

A

Articular/hyaline cartilage

Can’t regenerate because there is no perichondrium

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7
Q

What tissues make up bone?

A
  • Bone tissue
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Nervous tissue
  • Cartilage
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8
Q

Where would you find compact (cortical) bone?

A

In the diaphysis of long bones

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9
Q

Where would you find spongy (trabecular) bone?

A

In the epiphysis (ends) of long bones

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10
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Unmineralised organic component of the ECM of bone

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11
Q

Which substances make up the ground substance of the ECM of bone?

A

Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate

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12
Q

What does an osteoblast do?

A

Synthesises and secretes bone tissue

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13
Q

What does an osteocyte do?

A

Maintains mineralised bone tissue

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14
Q

What does an osteoclast do?

A

Resorbs bone

Derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage

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15
Q

What do osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

Bone cell precursors

Give rise to osteoblasts

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16
Q

What are the precursors for osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells)

17
Q

When an osteoblast gets trapped in the lacunae, what is it called?

A

An osteocyte

18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outermost layer of fibrous connective tissue covering bone

19
Q

What are osteons?

A

Circular units that make up compact bone

Made up of layers called concentric lamellae

20
Q

Describe the canals at the centre of each osteon

A
  • Central canal that runs through the length of the bone - contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
  • There are also longitudinal canals that connect the central canals together (perforating Volkmann’s canals)
21
Q

Where are the lacunae located?

A

Between the lamellae (the layers that make up osteons)

22
Q

What is circumferential lamellae?

A

Covers the circumference of the concentric lamellae

23
Q

What type of lamella is between each osteon?

A

Interstitial lamellae

24
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Layers of bone tissue

  • Concentric lamellae
  • Circumferential lamellae
  • Interstitial lamellae
25
Q

How are osteocytes formed?

A

When osteoblasts get trapped in the lacunae

26
Q

What is the name of the tiny canals linking osteocytes together?

A

Canaliculi

Osteocytes in the lacuna project to others

27
Q

Describe the structure of spongey (trabecular bone)

A
  • Contains lamellar bone
  • No osteons
  • Space between the trabeculae occupied by red and yellow marrow, nerves, lymphatics
  • Linked externally by endosteum
28
Q

Describe bone formation in healthy bone tissue

A

Bone formation is coupled with bone resorption

29
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large multinucleate cells of phagocytic lineage

30
Q

How often is our full skeleton ‘turned over’?

A

Every 10 years

31
Q

Name some factors that influence bone remodelling

A
  • Exercise -> increased bone formation to withstand stress
  • Growth -> increased bone formation
  • Hormonal factors (e.g. if calcium is needed -> increased bone resorption)
  • Immune factors
  • Mechanical factors (e.g. intense exercise)
32
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A
  • Failure of the osteoid to mineralise adequately
  • Dietary deficiencies: lack of calcium and/or phosphate
  • Lack of vitamin D
  • Bones are weak and prone to fracture
  • Associated with dental abnormalities: enamel hypoplasia (thin enamel) and delayed tooth eruption
33
Q

What can cause osteomalacia?

A

Dietary deficiencies: lack of vitamin D, lack of calcium/phosphate

34
Q

What are the 2 types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

35
Q

Describe osteoarthritis

A
  • More common than rheumatoid arthritis
  • Degenerative disease
  • Can’t repair cartilage
  • Bone grows to replace cartilage - grinding of bone
36
Q

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Auto-immune
  • Immune system destroys cartilage
  • Very painful
37
Q

Describe periodontitis

A
  • Destructive inflammatory disease
  • Immune response to oral bacteria leads to destruction of host tissues
  • Uncoupling of bone remodelling
  • Increased osteoclastogenesis (bone resorption)
  • Destruction of alveolar bone and subsequent tooth loss

BDS1 BAMS: Tissues (9 decks)

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