Bone Flashcards by Sab Bad

What is the production of red blood cells, wbc, platelets called?

Hemopoises

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the yellow bone marrow contain?

Consists of adipose tissues, which stores triglycerides and a few blood cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do newborns have yellow and red bone marrow?

No, newborns have red bone marrow but with increasing in age it changes from red to yellow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is a rigid connective tissue with mineralized extracellular
components; provide shape and structure, protect
major organs, muscle attachment, store minerals, and
produce blood cells

Bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is a strong, flexible connective tissue; protects joints
and bones; acts as a shock absorber throughout the
body

Cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cord of strong, flexible connective tissue,
similar to a rope; connects muscles to bones

Tendons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where two or more bones meet to allow movement

Joints

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is the bones shaft, where compact tissue can be found

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Distal and proximal ends of the bone, where the spongy tissue can be found

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contains a layer of hyalin cartilage

Epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A site for growth

Epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separates the epiphysis and diaphysis

Epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the structure of bones where it absrobs shocks and reduces friction

Articular Cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surround the bone surface

Periosteum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

Medullary Cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This contains an abundant matrix of intracellular materials that surrounds widely separated cells

Bone or osseous tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Endosteum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the matrix composed of?

25% water, 25% collagen fiber, and 50% crystallized mineral salts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the EM composed of?

contains organic (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic
(calcium phosphate) materials

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is a tough, ropelike protein

Collagen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides

Proteoglycans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the bone matrix consist of?

Small amounts of magnesium hydroxide, fluoride and sulfate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do you call the process of depositing mineral salts in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the matrix, which crystallizes and the tissue hardens

Calcification

Hardens and flexibility depends on?

Hard: Crystallized inorganic mineral salts Flexible: Collagen fibers

What are the four types of bone cells?

Osteogenic, osteoclast, osteoblast, osteocytes

These are unspecialized stem cells that is responsible for the growth and repair

Osteogenic

Bone building cells

Osteoblasts

Mature bone cells

Osteocytes

Bone carving cells that are huge and are found in the endosteum

Osteoclasts

80% of the skeleton is _____ and 20% is _____

Compact bone tissue, and spongy bone tissue

This contains a few spaces. It forms the external layer of all bones

Compact bone tissue

It resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

Compact bone tissue

Rings of bone matrix surrounding the central canal

Lamella

Spaces between the lamella

Lacunae

Tiny canals that transport nutrients and remove waste

Canalicus

Center of osteon and contains blood vessels

Central Canal

Center of osteon and contains blood vessels

Central Canal

Does not contain osteons

Sponge bone tissues

Interconnecting rods or plate of bones. Spaces contain marrow

Trabeculae

Makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat and irregular bones.

Sponge bone tissue

They are not elongated and have no diaphysis

Short bone

Structural unit of compact bone

Osteon

Contains an inferior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Flat bone

Process by which bone forms

Ossification

Bone forms directly on or within loose fibrous connective tissue membrane

Intramembranous ossification

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

In loose fibrous connective tissue membrane

This ossification occurs in the hyaline cartilage

Endochondral ossification

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

In hyaline cartilage

This type of ossification forms the flat bones of the skull and mandible

Intramembranous ossification

This type of ossification forms most bones of our body besides the skull

Endochondral ossification

This ossification forms the diaphysis

Primary ossification center formation

This ossification is created in the epiphysis by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis

Secondary ossification center

In the adult bone, what is the only cartilage present?

Articular cartilage

What age does the bone stop growing in length?

What is the other term for growth in length?

Interstial growth

What is the other term for growth in thickness?

Appositional growth

What bone is the last bone to stop growing?

Clavicle

Long bones lengthen at ____ and they widen by adding more ____

Epiphyseal plate and lamella

Change of bone through shape and compostion

Bone remodelling

A process where bone that becomes old is replace with new bone

bone remodelling

End of fractured bone protudes through open wound in skin

open fracture/ compound

Removes the old bone matrix and replae it with new bone matrix

Basic multicellular

does not break the skin

close fracture

Completely separates the bone in 2 fragments

Complete fracture

Occurs when the broken ends of the bones are jammed together by the force of injury

Impacted/ Compressed

Transverses only part of the bone

incomplete

Results in at least 3 bone fragments (multiple fragments)

Comminuted

Parallel to the length of the bone

Linear fracture

Helical structure from twisting the bone

spiral

What are the different kinds of bone fracture?

Open/compound, close, comminuted, incomplete, complete, linear, oblique, impacted/compressed, transverse, spiral

What are the steps in bone repair?

1.Hematoma formation 2.Callus formation 3.Callus ossification 4. Bone remodelling

What is bone deposition

osteoblasts adding Ca+ to the bones

What is bone reabsorption

osteoclasts removing Ca+ from the bones

What are the three hormones that regulates calcium homeostasis

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin d

Essential for the maintenace of blood Ca+2 levels

Parathyroid hormone

Assists the PTH in the kidney tubules by preventing Ca2+ from removal through urine

Calcitriol

What are the 2 hormones that increases the blood Ca2+ levels

PTH, and Calcitriol/Vitamin D

It helps with decreasing the blood Ca2+ levels

Calcitonin

Consists of the bones of the skull, the auditory ossivles, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column and the thoraic cage

Axial skeleton

Consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and two girdles

Appendicular Skeleton

Commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together

joints

Connections between two bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous joints

Synarthroses and amphiarthroses joints

Fibrous joints and Cartilaginous joint

Connections between two bones held together by a pad of cartiliage

Cartilaginous joint

Exhibits little or no movement

Cartilaginous joint

Connections between two bones held together by ligaments and separated by a fluid-filled cavity

Synovial cavity

Mostly diarthroses joints

Synovial joint

2 flat bones surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur

Plane

saddle shaped articulating surfacces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate

Saddle

Unaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone

Hinge

Unaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis

Pivot

consists of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits

Ball-and-socket

A modified ball and socket joint

Ellipsoid

Non-movable joints

Synarthroses

Slightly movable joints

amphiarthroses

Freely movable joints

Diarthtroses

Decreases the angle of the joint to bring articulating bone close together

Flexion

Increases the angle of the joint to straigten articulating bones

Extension

Extension beyond the anatomical postion (180 degrees)

Hyperflexion

Abduction

away from the midline

Adduction

towards the midline

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Circumduction

What are the functions of the bones?

1. Body support 2. Organ protection 3. Body movement 4. Mineral storage 5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

What is the other name of calcium phosphate crsytal ?

hydroxyapatite

What are the two types of bones formed during ossifcation?

Wooden and lamellar

Mature bone

Lamellar

Fairly weak bone

Wooden