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AnaPHY > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the production of red blood cells, wbc, platelets called?

A

Hemopoises

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2
Q

What does the yellow bone marrow contain?

A

Consists of adipose tissues, which stores triglycerides and a few blood cells

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3
Q

Do newborns have yellow and red bone marrow?

A

No, newborns have red bone marrow but with increasing in age it changes from red to yellow

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4
Q

It is a rigid connective tissue with mineralized extracellular
components; provide shape and structure, protect
major organs, muscle attachment, store minerals, and
produce blood cells

A

Bone

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5
Q

It is a strong, flexible connective tissue; protects joints
and bones; acts as a shock absorber throughout the
body

A

Cartilage

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6
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

A cord of strong, flexible connective tissue,
similar to a rope; connects muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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8
Q

Where two or more bones meet to allow movement

A

Joints

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8
Q

This is the bones shaft, where compact tissue can be found

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

Distal and proximal ends of the bone, where the spongy tissue can be found

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

Contains a layer of hyalin cartilage

A

Epiphyseal plate

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11
Q

A site for growth

A

Epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

Separates the epiphysis and diaphysis

A

Epiphyseal line

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13
Q

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage

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14
Q

Part of the structure of bones where it absrobs shocks and reduces friction

A

Articular Cartilage

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15
Q

A tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surround the bone surface

A

Periosteum

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16
Q

Space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

A

Medullary Cavity

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16
Q

This contains an abundant matrix of intracellular materials that surrounds widely separated cells

A

Bone or osseous tissue

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17
Q

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

What is the matrix composed of?

A

25% water, 25% collagen fiber, and 50% crystallized mineral salts

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19
Q

What is the EM composed of?

A

contains organic (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic
(calcium phosphate) materials

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20
Q

This is a tough, ropelike protein

A

Collagen

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21
Q

Large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides

A

Proteoglycans

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22
Q

What is the bone matrix consist of?

A

Small amounts of magnesium hydroxide, fluoride and sulfate

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23
Q

What do you call the process of depositing mineral salts in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the matrix, which crystallizes and the tissue hardens

A

Calcification

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24
Q

Hardens and flexibility depends on?

A

Hard: Crystallized inorganic mineral salts
Flexible: Collagen fibers

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25
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoclast, osteoblast, osteocytes

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26
Q

These are unspecialized stem cells that is responsible for the growth and repair

A

Osteogenic

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27
Q

Bone building cells

A

Osteoblasts

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28
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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29
Q

Bone carving cells that are huge and are found in the endosteum

A

Osteoclasts

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30
Q

80% of the skeleton is _____ and 20% is _____

A

Compact bone tissue, and spongy bone tissue

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31
Q

This contains a few spaces. It forms the external layer of all bones

A

Compact bone tissue

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32
Q

It resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

A

Compact bone tissue

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33
Q

Rings of bone matrix surrounding the central canal

A

Lamella

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34
Q

Spaces between the lamella

A

Lacunae

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35
Q

Tiny canals that transport nutrients and remove waste

A

Canalicus

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36
Q

Center of osteon and contains blood vessels

A

Central Canal

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37
Q

Center of osteon and contains blood vessels

A

Central Canal

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38
Q

Does not contain osteons

A

Sponge bone tissues

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39
Q

Interconnecting rods or plate of bones. Spaces contain marrow

A

Trabeculae

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40
Q

Makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat and irregular bones.

A

Sponge bone tissue

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41
Q

They are not elongated and have no diaphysis

A

Short bone

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42
Q

Structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

43
Q

Contains an inferior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

A

Flat bone

44
Q

Process by which bone forms

A

Ossification

45
Q

Bone forms directly on or within loose fibrous connective tissue membrane

A

Intramembranous ossification

46
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

In loose fibrous connective tissue membrane

47
Q

This ossification occurs in the hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondral ossification

48
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

In hyaline cartilage

49
Q

This type of ossification forms the flat bones of the skull and mandible

A

Intramembranous ossification

50
Q

This type of ossification forms most bones of our body besides the skull

A

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

This ossification forms the diaphysis

A

Primary ossification center formation

52
Q

This ossification is created in the epiphysis by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis

A

Secondary ossification center

53
Q

In the adult bone, what is the only cartilage present?

A

Articular cartilage

54
Q

What age does the bone stop growing in length?

A

25

55
Q

What is the other term for growth in length?

A

Interstial growth

56
Q

What is the other term for growth in thickness?

A

Appositional growth

57
Q

What bone is the last bone to stop growing?

A

Clavicle

58
Q

Long bones lengthen at ____ and they widen by adding more ____

A

Epiphyseal plate and lamella

59
Q

Change of bone through shape and compostion

A

Bone remodelling

60
Q

A process where bone that becomes old is replace with new bone

A

bone remodelling

61
Q

End of fractured bone protudes through open wound in skin

A

open fracture/ compound

61
Q

Removes the old bone matrix and replae it with new bone matrix

A

Basic multicellular

62
Q

does not break the skin

A

close fracture

63
Q

Completely separates the bone in 2 fragments

A

Complete fracture

64
Q

Occurs when the broken ends of the bones are jammed together by the force of injury

A

Impacted/ Compressed

64
Q

Transverses only part of the bone

A

incomplete

65
Q

Results in at least 3 bone fragments (multiple fragments)

A

Comminuted

66
Q

Parallel to the length of the bone

A

Linear fracture

67
Q

Helical structure from twisting the bone

A

spiral

68
Q

What are the different kinds of bone fracture?

A

Open/compound, close, comminuted, incomplete, complete, linear, oblique, impacted/compressed, transverse, spiral

69
Q

What are the steps in bone repair?

A

1.Hematoma formation
2.Callus formation
3.Callus ossification
4. Bone remodelling

70
Q

What is bone deposition

A

osteoblasts adding Ca+ to the bones

71
Q

What is bone reabsorption

A

osteoclasts removing Ca+ from the bones

72
Q

What are the three hormones that regulates calcium homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin d

73
Q

Essential for the maintenace of blood Ca+2 levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

74
Q

Assists the PTH in the kidney tubules by preventing Ca2+ from removal through urine

A

Calcitriol

75
Q

What are the 2 hormones that increases the blood Ca2+ levels

A

PTH, and Calcitriol/Vitamin D

76
Q

It helps with decreasing the blood Ca2+ levels

A

Calcitonin

77
Q

Consists of the bones of the skull, the auditory ossivles, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column and the thoraic cage

A

Axial skeleton

78
Q

Consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and two girdles

A

Appendicular Skeleton

79
Q

Commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together

A

joints

80
Q

Connections between two bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibrous joints

81
Q

Synarthroses and amphiarthroses joints

A

Fibrous joints and Cartilaginous joint

82
Q

Connections between two bones held together by a pad of cartiliage

A

Cartilaginous joint

83
Q

Exhibits little or no movement

A

Cartilaginous joint

84
Q

Connections between two bones held together by ligaments and separated by a fluid-filled cavity

A

Synovial cavity

85
Q

Mostly diarthroses joints

A

Synovial joint

86
Q

2 flat bones surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur

A

Plane

87
Q

saddle shaped articulating surfacces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate

A

Saddle

88
Q

Unaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone

A

Hinge

89
Q

Unaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis

A

Pivot

90
Q

consists of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits

A

Ball-and-socket

91
Q

A modified ball and socket joint

A

Ellipsoid

92
Q

Non-movable joints

A

Synarthroses

93
Q

Slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthroses

94
Q

Freely movable joints

A

Diarthtroses

95
Q

Decreases the angle of the joint to bring articulating bone close together

A

Flexion

96
Q

Increases the angle of the joint to straigten articulating bones

A

Extension

97
Q

Extension beyond the anatomical postion (180 degrees)

A

Hyperflexion

98
Q

Abduction

A

away from the midline

99
Q

Adduction

A

towards the midline

100
Q

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

A

Circumduction

101
Q

What are the functions of the bones?

A
  1. Body support
  2. Organ protection
  3. Body movement
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell production
    (hematopoiesis)
102
Q

What is the other name of calcium phosphate crsytal ?

A

hydroxyapatite

103
Q

What are the two types of bones formed during ossifcation?

A

Wooden and lamellar

104
Q

Mature bone

A

Lamellar

105
Q

Fairly weak bone

A

Wooden

AnaPHY (4 decks)

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