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L.S. - Connective Tissue - Cartilage > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Where does bone tissue occur?

A

In the different bones of the skeleton

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2
Q

Describe bone

A

Bone is a hard and rigid tissue

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3
Q

What does bone consist of that cartilage also consists of?

A

Living cells with large amounts of ground substance/matrix

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4
Q

What is bone impregnated with?

A

organic salts:
- calcium carbonate
- calcium phosphate

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5
Q

What other substances are present in bone in small amounts?

A

Small amounts of sodium and magnesium

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6
Q

What does the matrix of the cells making up the bone contain?

A

Numerous collagenous fibres and a large amount of water

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7
Q

What constitutes the organic (living) matter in bone tissue?

A

Collagen fibres together with the bone cells

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8
Q

What does dense, compact bone show under the microscope?

A

A definite and a characteristic pattern of arrangement

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9
Q

How is the ground substance of bone arranged?

A

In concentrated layers (lamellae) round the small canals which run parallel to the long axis (shaft) of the bone

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10
Q

What are the small canals which run parallel to the shaft of the bone called, and what do they contain?

A

These are called Haversian canals.
They contain a blood vessel, a nerve and a lymph vessel

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11
Q

What is each Haversian canal surrounded by?

A

Concentric layers of bone matrix (lamellae) and concentric rings of bone, forming cells (osteoblasts)

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12
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells that have been completely surrounded by the hard bone matrix

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13
Q

Where are the osteocytes embedded?

A

The osteocytes are embedded in fluid-filled cavities within the concentric lamellae

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14
Q

What are the fluid-filled cavities in which osteocytes are embedded called?

A

These cavities are known as lacunae and occur at regular intervals in these concentric laters of bone tissue

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15
Q

To what and how are lacunae connected?

A

The lacunae are connected to one another to the Haversian canals by a system of interconnecting canals known as canaliculi

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16
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

A system of interconnecting canals

17
Q

How and what forms a Haversian system?

A

each Haversian canal
+ its concentric lamellae
+ lacunae with osteocytes
+ canaliculi
forms a long cylinder (Haversian system)

18
Q

What is the function of bone in relation to the skeleton?

A

The skeleton, which consists mainly of bone tissue, forms a supportive framework, giving shape and rigidity to the body

19
Q

What is the function of bone in relation to movement?

A

The bone tissue forms a system of levers to which the voluntary muscles are attached

20
Q

What is the function of bone in relation to protection?

A

It serves to protect the soft and delicate organs of the body such as the skull protecting the brain

21
Q

What is the function of bone in relation to red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are manufactured in the red bone marrow, which is situated in the spongy tissue at the ends of long bones

22
Q

List some of the bone disorders

A
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • rickets
23
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporosis is the deterioration of vertebral supports

24
Q

How does osteoporosis occur?

A

Osteoporosis occurs when bone density decreases and the body stops producing as much bone as it did before

25
Q

What are some of the symptoms of osteoporosis?

A
  • back pain
  • loss of height over time
  • a stooped posture
26
Q

List some of the risk factors associated with osteoporosis

A
  • women and post-menopausal women
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • family history
  • inactive lifestyle
  • thin and/or small frame
  • calcium and vitamin D deficiency
  • low testosterone levels (men)
27
Q

How does rickets occur?

A

Rickets occurs when there is a lack of vitamin D, which prevents calcium absorption

28
Q

What is the condition in adults that is similar to rickets?

A

Osteomalacia

29
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis occur?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the body mistakenly attacks its own joint tissue

30
Q

What is the second stage of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

The body makes the antibodies and the joints start swelling up

31
Q

What is the third stage of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

The joints start becoming bent and deformed, the fingers become crooked.
These misshapen joints can press on the nerves and can cause nerve pain as well

32
Q

What is the fourth stage of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

If not treated, rheumatoid arthritis will progress to the last stage, in which there’s not joint remaining at all and the joint is essentially fused

33
Q

What are the main effects of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • degraded cartilage
  • swollen inflamed synovial membrane
  • bone erosion

L.S. - Connective Tissue - Cartilage (5 decks)

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