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BIOL122 Anatomy & Tissues > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of a ligament?

A

Resist tension

Collagen I

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2
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of a tendon?

A

Resist tension

Collagen I

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3
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of cartilage?

A

Resist compression
(Resist tension)

Collagen II
Proteoglycan & water

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4
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of fibrocartilage?

A

Resist compression
Resist tension

Collagen I
Collagen II
Proteoglycan & water

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5
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of bone?

A

Resist compression
(Resist tension)

Collagen I
Mineral hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

What is the major mechanical function, and the composition of synovium?

A

Lubrication

Mainly cellular

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7
Q

True or false:

Bone is a type of connective tissue.

A

True

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8
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

Fetal skeleton is just cartilage.
Blood vessels invade cartilage.
Cartilage skeleton ossifies to become bone.

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9
Q

True or false:

Some bones take 38 years to fully complete endochondral ossification.

A

False

Some bones take 25 years to fully complete endochondral ossification

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10
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

What kind of bones form this way?

A

Mesenchyme becomes bone (no cartilage present)
Cells proliferate and condense

Flat bones usually form this way.

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11
Q

True or false:

The medullary / marrow cavity is the site of production of blood cells in immature animals

A

True

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12
Q

True or false:

The medullary / marrow cavity is called yellow marrow in immature animals

A

False

The medullary / marrow cavity is the site of production of blood cells in immature animals, and is called red marrow.

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13
Q

True or false:

Red marrow gets progressively replaced by inactive yellow marrow as we get older

A

True

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14
Q

What is yellow marrow mainly composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

What is a diaphysis?

A

The long cylindrical shaft of a long bone

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16
Q

What is an epiphyses?

A

The expanded ends of a long bone

17
Q

List three mechanical functions of bone

A

Protection
Support other organs
Mobility (system of levers)

18
Q

List three metabolic functions of bone

A 
Mineral store (especially for calcium and metals)
Hemopoiesis/Haematopoiesis
Potentially an endocrine organ
19
Q

Osteoblast functions

Osteoblast features

A

Bone formation
Synthesising bone matrix
Priming bone matrix for mineralisation
Form epithelioid layer on bone surface

Plump cuboidal cells
Abundant organelles for protein synthesis and secretion

20
Q

Osteocyte formation

A

Osteoblasts are engulfed and entombed in bone matrix during apposition - they become osteocytes

21
Q

Osteocyte functions

Osteocyte features

A

Maintain junctions with other osteocytes, the bone surface and the vascular supply (relies on its canaliculi to do this)

Regulation of calcium homeostasis

Strain gauge to monitor extent of physical loading

Has one nucleus
Has canaliculi

22
Q

Osteoclast functions

Osteoclast features

A

Resorption of bone

Large multinucleate cells (many nuclei)
Unique organelles and distinctive appearance
Ruffled border and clear zone

23
Q

Lining cells functions

Lining cell features

A

Guard/maintains bone
Activation of bone remodelling
Co-operate with osteocytes in regulating calcium exchange from bone

They are osteoblasts which have completed their synthetic activity phase (can be reactivated)
Flat
1 nucleus, hard to see

24
Q

What does the bone matrix consist of?

A

Collagen I
Bone proteoglycan
Non-collagenous proteins - osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin

Mineral hydroxyapatite (complex calcium phosphate salt)

25
Q

What happens to bone if you demineralise it?

A

The bone becomes very bendy (only collagen left)

26
Q

What is anorganic bone?

A

Bone with collagen removed.

Becomes very brittle.

27
Q

Describe compact bone

A

High proportion of bone, very few gaps/spaces

28
Q

Describe cancellous/spongy/trabecular bone

A

Low proportion of bone, lots of gaps/spaces

Made up of trabeculae (network of rods and plates)

29
Q

What are the stages of fracture repair?

A

1) Haematoma formation
2) Soft callus formation
3) Hard callus formation
4) Bone remodelling

BIOL122 Anatomy & Tissues (9 decks)

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