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Chemistry > Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter > Flashcards

Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of solids?

A
  • Particles are packed together in a REGULAR PATTERN w/ NO SPACES. - Fixed shape cannot flow particles can only VIBRATE.
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2
Q

What do elements try to achieve when they react?

A

A FULL OUTER ENERGY LEVEL (noble gas).

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3
Q

Describe what would happen between sodium and chlorine. (4)

…..23………35.5..

Na……….Cl……….

…..11…………17…….

A
  • One electron
  • Passes from the sodium atom
  • To the chlorine atom
  • Both atoms achieve a full outer energy level
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4
Q

Name 2 key properties of ionic compounds.

A
  1. They have VERY HIGH melting and boiling points.
  2. The strong ELECTROSTATIC FORCES require a GREAT DEAL OF HEAT ENERGY TO BREAK.
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5
Q

Why can ions not conduct electricity when solid?

A

Because the IONS CANNOT MOVE (localised). They are locked in place by the STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES OF ATTRACTION.

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6
Q

How are ions arranged?

A

In a GIANT IONIC LATTICE where every POSITIVE ion is SURROUNDED by NEGATIVE ions.

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7
Q

Name 2 key properties of small covalent molecules.

A
  1. They have LOW melting and boiling points.
  2. They are usually GASES or LIQUIDS at room temperature.
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8
Q

What forces are there between covalent molecules?

A

INTERMOLECULAR forces.

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9
Q

Why can small covalent molecules not conduct electricity?

A

As they do NOT have an overall ELECTRIC CHARGE.

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10
Q

What state are giant covalent molecules at room temperature?

A

They are ALWAYS SOLIDS at room temperature

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11
Q

What can we say about giant covalent molecules bonds?

A

They have MILLIONS OF STRONG COVALENT BONDS.

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12
Q

What are giant covalent molecules melting and boiling points like?

A

They always have HIGH melting and boiling points.

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13
Q

What is diamond mostly made up of?

A

Carbon.

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14
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon form in diamond?

A

4 (BREAKING these bonds requires a great deal of ENERGY.)

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15
Q

Can diamond conduct electricity and why?

A

No - there are NO FREE ELECTRONS to carry electrical charge.

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16
Q

Why does silicon dioxide have a very high melting and boiling point.

A

As a huge number of strong COVALENT BONDS must be broken and this takes a great deal of ENERGY.

17
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon form in graphite?

A

3 (HEXAGONAL RINGS - rings of 6 carbon atoms).

18
Q

How are the hexagonal rings of carbon atoms arranged in graphite?

A

In LAYERS.

19
Q

What do the layers allow and what does this make graphite?

A

They can SLIDE which makes graphite SLIPPERY.

20
Q

Can graphite conduct electricity and how?

A

Yes - as it contains DELOCALISED ELECTRONS which can MOVE and conduct HEAT ENERGY and ELECTRICITY.

21
Q

Is graphite a metal and why?

A

No - as it is based on the element CARBON.

22
Q

Why is graphite and metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

A

As both graphite and metals have DELOCALISED ELECTRONS that can MOVE.

23
Q

What is graphene?

A

It is a SINGLE LAYER of graphite. ONE ATOM THICK

24
Q

Can graphene conduct electricity if so how?

A

Yes - as it has delocalised electrons.

25
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Molecules of carbon atoms with HOLLOW SHAPES.

26
Q

Name 3 uses of fullerenes.

A
  1. Pharmaceutical delivery
  2. Lubricants
  3. Catalysts
27
Q

What are carbon nanotubes?

A

They are fullerenes shaped into long cylinders.

28
Q

Name 2 properties of carbon nanotubes.

A
  1. They have HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH (can be STRETCHED without breaking)
  2. Excellent conductors of HEAT and ELECTRICITY.
29
Q

What are polymers?

A

They are made by joining together thousands of SMALL, IDENTICAL molecules (MONOMERS).

30
Q

What molecules are often monomers?

A

Alkene molecules eg ethene.

31
Q

What bond does the monomer have?

A

Double covalent bond.

32
Q

What bond does the polymer have?

A

Single covalent bond.

33
Q

What state are most polymers at room temperature?

A

Solid

34
Q

Why are most polymers solid at room temperature?

A

This is because the INTERMOLECULAR FORCES of attraction between polymer molecules are relatively STRONG.

35
Q

What are the electrons in the outer energy level of metal atoms?

A

DELOCALISED.

36
Q

What sate is chlorine at room temperature?

A

gas

37
Q

What sate is bromine at room temperature?

A

liquid

38
Q

What sate is flourine at room temperature?

A

liquid

39
Q

What is meant by a diatomic element?

A

Molecule containing two atoms.

Chemistry (12 decks)

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