bonding structure and properties of matter 💕💕

Question 1

energy transferred through states of matter
causing high melting and boiling points

Answer 1

evaporate or boil- more energy needed to overcome remanning chemical bonds

amount of energy needed is depended on strength if attracted forces between particles. stronger the forces more energy needed.

strong attractive forces normally have a high melting and boiling point

Question 2

solid

Answer 2

regular pattern
vibrate in fixed position
tightly packed
low amount of kinetic energy
cannot be compressed

Question 3

liquid

Answer 3

randomly arranged
able to move around
greater amount of kinetic energy
able to flow
cannot be compressed

Question 4

gas

Answer 4

randomly arranged
move around quickly
highest amount of kinetic energy
far apart
can be compressed

Question 5

how to identify the physical state of a substance if said substance is a solid

Answer 5

given temp is lower than the melting point

Question 6

how to identify the physical state of a substance if the said substance is a liquid

Answer 6

given temp will be between melting point and boiling point

Question 7

how to identify the physical state of a substance if the said substance is a gas

Answer 7

if the given temp is higher than the boiling point

Question 8

what are ions

Answer 8

ions are a charged particle, either positively or negatively charged.

when an element loses or gains electrons it becomes an ion

Question 9

metals and non metals becoming ions

Answer 9

metals- lose electrons and become positively charged

non metals- gain electrons and become negatively charged

Question 10

groups loosing and gaining

Answer 10

group 1 and 2 lose electrons
group 6 and 7 gain electrons

Question 11

metallic bonding

Answer 11

metals only
surrounded by delocalised electrons
tightly packed
arranged in rows
strong attraction between positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons

Question 12

pure metals and alloys

Answer 12

pure metals are too soft
mixed with metals to make alloys
this distorts layers prevents them from sliding over one another
makes alloys hard to bend

Question 13

ionic bonding

Answer 13

between a metal and a non metal
metals loose electrons and become positively charged
opposite charges attract

Question 14

iconic compounds

Answer 14

form structures called giant lattices
they are strong electrostatic forces of attraction that act in all directions
act between the oppositely charged ions

Question 15

properties of ionic compounds

Answer 15

high melting point- lost of energy needed to break bonds
high boiling point
cannot conduct electricity in a solid as ions cannot move
when in a gas or liquid they can conduct electricity as they can move and carry current

Question 16

what is covalent bonding

Answer 16

sharing a pair of electrons between atoms to gain a full outer shell, between non metals only

Question 17

properties of simple covalent structures

Answer 17

low melting point- weak intermolecular forces
molecules are broke when the substance is heated

Question 18

ways to show bonding in simple molecules

Answer 18

dot cross diagram
outer electron shell is a circle
overlap shows covalent bond

Question 19

diamond / silicon

Answer 19

carbon atom bonded to 4 other atoms — very strong

high melting point— lots of energy needed to break strong covalent bonds

does not conduct electricity—- no free electrons

Question 20

graphite

Answer 20

layers of carbon in hexagons

bonded to three carbons and has one free delocalised electron- move between layers

weak intermolecular forces- can slide over eachother

high melting point lots of energy to break covalent bonds

can conduct electricity

Question 21

nanoparticles

Answer 21

structures that are 1-100nm in size
high surface area to volume ratio

Question 22

polymers

Answer 22

long chain molecules that are made up of molecules

strong covenant bonds

intermolecular forces between molecules

these attract polymer chains together

long polymer chains have strong forces of attraction than shorter ones making strong materials

Question 23

fullerenes

Answer 23

carbon molecules thats are shaped like hollow tubes or balls

in hexagons of 5 or 7 carbon atoms

used to deliver drugs to the body

Question 24

carbon nanotubes

Answer 24

tiny carbon cylinders that are long and thin

conduct electricity well

strengthen material

useful in electronics and nanotechnology

Question 25

risks of nanoparticles

Answer 25

small— inhaled
initiate harmful reactions and toxic substances could bind to them cos of their large area to surface ratio

modern nanoparticles are relatively new so do not know all the risks

Question 26

applications of nanoparticles

Answer 26

medicine, cosmetics, sun cream
can be used at catalysts