Bonding in Materials Flashcards
Ionic Solid Interaction
Ionic
Ionic Solid Properties
High Melting Point, Brittle, Hard
Molecular Solid Interaction
Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole Dipole,
LDF
Molecular Solid Properties
Low MP, Nonconducting
Metallic Solid Interaction
Metallic Bonding
Metallic Solid Properties
Variable Hardness and MP (depending upon strength of metallic bonding), Conducting
Network Solid Interaction
Covalent Bonding
Network Solid Properties
High MP, Hard, Nonconducting
Lattice energy
the energy that must be supplied to one mole of an ionic crystal in order to separate it into gaseous ions in a vacuum via an endothermic process.
Intramolecular Forces
“within” the molecule
Intermolecular forces
forces that occur between molecules
LDF
intermolecular force between nonpolar molecules caused by the presence of temporary dipoles in the molecules
Temporary (induced) dipole
separation of charge produced in an atom or molecule by a momentary uneven distribution of electrons
Polarizability
relative ease with which the electron cloud in a molecule, ion, or atom can be distorted, inducing a temporary dipole
polarizability ____ with the size of the atom or molecule
increases
LDF–> strength of the attraction depends on ____
polarizability
The more spread out the molecule, the ____ the opportunity for dispersion forces and the _____ the bp.
stronger; higher
Induced Dipole
separation of charge produced in a nonpolar atom or molecule by a momentary uneven distribution of electrons induced by a polar molecule
small atoms–> ____ Zeff —> ___ to distort
larger; difficult
large atoms–> ____ Zeff —> ___ to distort
smaller; easier
Ion induced
atomic ion and nonpolar molecule
dipole induced
polar and nonpolar molecule
dipole-dipole
attractive force between polar molecules
hydrogen bonding
strongest dipole-dipole interaction
occurs between H atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative element (FON)
ion dipole
attractive force between an ion and a molecule that has a permanent dipole
polar molecules have ____ boiling points than nonpolar molecules
higher
in h-bonding, what is the acceptor?
FON
in h-bonding, what is the donor?
electropositive H atom
The magnitude of ion-dipole force depends on:
- the distance between the ion and the dipole
-the charge of the ion
-the magnitude of the dipole
sphere of hydration
cluster of water molecules surrounding an ion in aqueous solution
sphere of solvation
if solvent is other than H2O
relative strengths of intermolecular forces (weakest to strongest)
LDF, Induced dipole, dipole dipole, h bonding, ion dipole
