Bonding Flashcards
Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons to form…?
1 mark
A full outer shell.
What is an Ion?
5 marks
- A charged particle.
- formed (by the transfer of electrons) when atoms gain/lose electrons to form a full outer shell.
- they are charged because the number of protons is different from the number of electrons.
How are Ions formed?
3 marks
By the transfer of Electrons - when atoms gain/lose electrons to form a full outer shell.
Why are Ions charged?
2 marks
They are charged because the Number of Protons is different from the Number of Electrons.
What is a Molecular Ion?
2 marks
A particle made of more than one atom that has an overall positive or negative charge.
What is a Negative Ion called?
1 mark
an Anion
What is a Positive Ion called?
1 mark
a Cation
Describe Simple Ions.
2 marks
Have full outer shells and the stable Electronic Configuration of the Noble Gases.
Describe a Molecular Ion.
4 marks
A particle made of more than one atom that has an overall positive or negative charge.
- Negative Ion is called an Anion.
- Positive Ion is called a Cation.
How are negative ions (anions) formed?
5 marks
Atoms gain Electrons in their outer shell when they form Negative Ions (anions).
- These Ions are negative because they contain more Electrons than Protons.
Give an Example of the formation of a Negative Ion (anion).
2 marks
An Oxygen atom gains 2 Electrons to form an Oxide Anion.
How are Positive Ions (Cations) formed?
5 marks
Atoms lose Electrons from their outer shell when they form Positive Ions (Cations).
These Ions are positive because they contain more Protons than Electrons.
Give an Example of the formation of a Positive Ion (Cation).
(3 marks)
A Sodium Atom loses 1 Electron to form a Sodium Cation.
Give (Na) Sodium’s Ion Symbol.
1 mark
Na^+
Give (Mg) Magnesium’s Ion Symbol.
1 mark
Mg^2+
Give (O2) Oxygen’s Ion Symbol.
1 mark
O2^-
Give (Cl) Chlorine’s Ion Symbol.
1 mark
Cl^-
What is Sodium’s Group on the Periodic table?
2 marks
Group 1: H and Alkali Metals.
What is Magnesium’s Group on the Periodic Table?
2 marks
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals.
What is Oxygen’s Group on the Periodic Table?
2 marks
Group 16: Chalcogens.
What is Chlorine’s Group on the Periodic Table?
2 marks
Group 17: Halogens.
When writing the charge on the Ion what should you remember?
(2 marks)
Put the number before the positive or negative symbol (2+).
Just write + or – if the charge is 1+ or 1-.
Name 3 Types of Bonding.
3 marks
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- Metallic bonding
What is Ionic bonding? And where does it occur?
6 marks
Ionic bonding occurs in Compounds that contain a Metal (usually a Group 1 or 2 elements)
with a non-metal (usually a Group 6 or 7 element).
- They bond to form Metal Compounds.
Describe Ionic Bonding.
3 marks
Ionic bonding is;
- a bond between Compounds that contain a Metal and Compounds that contain a Non-Metal
- to form Metal Compounds.
What happens when forming an Ionic Compound?
6 marks
Electrons are transferred from the Metal Atom to the Non-Metal Atom.
- forming Oppositely-charged Ions.
- the Metal Ion has a Positive charge.
- the Non-Metal Ion has a Negative charge.
an Ionic Bond is the attraction between these oppositely-charged ions.
What is required to break an Ionic Bond?
2 marks
Ionic bonding is strong + requires substantial amounts of energy to break.
How can you draw a Dot and Cross diagram for the formation of Ions?
Give each step.
(5 marks)
- Draw the Electronic Configuration of each Atom – 1 element with dots + 1 with crosses.
- Work out how many Electrons need to be transferred.
- Draw the Electronic Configuration of the resulting Ions.
- Write the charge of each Ion.
What are Dot and Cross diagrams useful for?
2 marks
They help us to model when Ions are formed from Atoms.
What is a Covalent bond?
3 marks
A shared pair of Electrons: Formed when 2 atoms share Electrons to obtain a Noble Gas Configuration.
What type of Atoms does a Covalent Bond Occur between?
1 mark
A Covalent Bond occurs between non-metal atoms.
What is required to break a Covalent Bond?
1 mark
They are strong and require substantial amounts of energy to break.
What is a Molecule?
2 marks
A Molecule is 2 or more Atoms Covalently Bonded together.
What is a Diatomic Molecule?
2 marks
A Diatomic Molecule is 2 Atoms Covalently Bonded together in a Molecule.
Give 3 Examples of Diatomic Molecules.
3 marks
O2, N2 and Cl2.
How can Dot and Cross Diagrams be used for Covalent Bonding?
(1 mark)
We can use Dot and Cross Diagrams to show how a pair of Electrons forms a Covalent Bond.
What is the Dot and Cross Diagram for Oxygen (O2), a diatomic molecule made up of?
(3 marks)
- 2 Covalent Bonds
- 4 lone pairs of Electrons (2 on each Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Hydrogen (H2)?
(2 marks)
Hydrogen is made up of
- 1 Covalent Bond
- 0 lone pairs
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Chlorine (Cl2)?
(3 marks)
Chlorine is made up of;
- 1 Covalent Bond
- 6 lone pairs (3 on each Chlorine Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)?
(3 marks)
Hydrogen Chloride is made up of;
- 1 Covalent Bond
- 3 lone pairs (on the Chlorine Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Water (H2O)?
(4 marks)
Water is made up of;
- 2 Covalent Bonds (1 pair for each H - O Bond)
- 2 lone pairs (on the Oxygen Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Ammonia (NH3)?
(4 marks)
Ammonia is made up of;
- 3 Covalent Bonds (1 pair for each N - H Bond)
- 1 lone pairs (on the Nitrogen Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Methane (CH4)?
(3 marks)
Methane is made up of;
- 4 Covalent Bonds (1 pair for each C - H Bond)
- 0 lone pairs
What can represent a Covalent Bond?
2 marks
A covalent bond can be represented by a line (–) in structural formulae.
Name the different kinds of Covalent Bonds.
3 marks
- A Single Covalent Bond
- A Double Covalent Bond
- A Triple Covalent Bond
Describe a Single Covalent Bond.
2 marks
A Single Covalent Bond is when 2 Atoms share a single pair of Electrons.
- Represented by a single line (–).
Describe a Double Covalent Bond.
3 marks
A Double Covalent Bond is when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of Electrons.
- Represented by a double line (＝).
Describe a Triple Covalent Bond.
3 marks
A Triple Covalent Bond is when 2 atoms share 3 pairs of Electrons.
- Represented by a triple line (≡).
Give Examples of molecules with double and triple covalent bonds.
(10 marks)
Oxygen : 2 Oxygen Atoms - 2 Bonds
Nitrogen : 2 Nitrogen Atoms - 3 Bonds
Carbon Dioxide : 2 Oxygen Atoms + 1 Carbon Atom - 4 Bonds
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Nitrogen (N2)?
(3 marks)
Nitrogen is made up of;
- 3 Covalent Bonds
- 2 lone pairs (1 pair on each Nitrogen Atom)
How many Covalent Bonds and lone pairs of Electrons make up Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?
(4 marks)
Carbon Dioxide is made up of;
- 4 Covalent Bonds (2 pairs for each O-C bond)
- 4 lone pairs (2 pairs on each Oxygen Atom)
What is Metallic bonding?
4 marks
Metallic Bonding is the attraction between the Positive Ions in a Regular Lattice and the Delocalised Electrons.
- Delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the whole structure.
What are Delocalised Atoms free to do?
1 mark
Delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the (whole) structure of an Atom.
When drawing a diagram of a Metal’s structure, how should the Ions be drawn?
(1 mark)
The Ions should be drawn in regular rows.
What is the structural formula for an Oxygen?
2 marks
O = O
What is the structural formula for Nitrogen?
2 marks
N ≡ N
What is the structural formula for Carbon Dioxide?
3 marks
O = C = O
What is the structural formula for Hydrogen?
2 marks
H - H
What is the structural formula for Chlorine?
2 marks
Cl - Cl
What is the structural formula for Hydrogen Chloride?
3 marks
H - Cl
What is the structural formula for Water?
4 marks
O
/ \
H H
What is the structural formula for Ammonia?
6 marks
H - N - H
|
H
What is the structural formula for Methane?
4 marks
H
|
H - C - H
|
H
