Bonding

Question 1

Define an ion

Answer 1

A charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons

Question 2

Define an ionic bond

Answer 2

A chemical bond between oppositely charged ions in which the metal loses electrons (cation) to the non metal (anion)

Question 3

Define a molecular ion

Answer 3

An ion formed by two or more atoms covalently bonded

Question 4

Define a covalent bond

Answer 4

A chemical bond that occurs between two non metals which share a pair of electrons from their outer shells

Question 5

Define diatomic

Answer 5

Two atoms covalently bonded together

Question 6

Define Metallic bonding

Answer 6

The attraction between the positive ions in a regular lattice and the delocalised electrons

Question 7

Group 8 or 0 do not form ions. Why not?

Answer 7

They already have a full outer shell and therefore do not need to lose or gain electrons

Question 8

Display the structural format for hydrogen

Answer 8

H-H

Question 9

What kind of bonding would you expect between the following pairs of elements ?
K and Cl
N and H
S and O
Na and F

Answer 9

K and Cl - Ionic
N and H - Covalent
S and O - Covalent
Na and F - Ionic

Question 10

Draw a diagram showing the structure of a metal such as copper

Answer 10

Delocalised electrons (e-)
Positive metal ions ( Cu2+)

Question 11

Cation definition

Answer 11

Positively charged ion

Question 12

Anion definition

Answer 12

Negatively charged ion

Question 13

Define molecule

Answer 13

A molecule is two or more atoms covalently bonded

Question 14

Features of covalent bonds (2)

Answer 14

• Strong

- Substantial energy is required to break covalent bonds

Question 15

Feature of Ionic bonds

Answer 15

They require a lot of energy to break them apart

Question 16

Using electronic structures explain how atoms of chlorine and calcium become bonded in their formation of the compound calcium chloride (5)

Answer 16

• The calcium atom has an electronic configuration of 2,8,8,2.
• The chlorine atom has an electronic configuration of 2,8,7.
• The calcium atom transfers two electrons to 2 chlorine atoms producing one calcium ion with an electronic configuration of 2,8,8
• and two chloride ions with an electronic configuration of 2,8,8.
• The calcium ion (Ca2+) And the chloride ions (Cl-) are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction

Question 17

Allotropes

Answer 17

Different forms of the same element in the same physical state

Question 18

Why does water have a much lower melting point than calcium fluoride ? (2)

Answer 18

• Water molecules are held together by weak forces of attraction ( van der Waals forces) which take only a little amount of energy to break
• Calcium fluoride is an ionic compound made from ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction which take a lot of energy to break