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Chemistry > Bonding > Flashcards

Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemical bond?

A

The attractive forces which hold the various constituents (atom, ion) together in different chemical reactions are chemical bonds.

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2
Q

What are the differences between inert and noble gases?

A

Key Differences:
Scope: All noble gases are inert, but not all inert gases are noble gases. For example, nitrogen can be considered an inert gas in some situations, but it is not a noble gas.
Reactivity: Noble gases are inherently nonreactive due to their full electron shells. Inert gases are nonreactive due to specific conditions but might react under different circumstances.

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3
Q

What type of bond is HCl ?

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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4
Q

Arrange the bonds in terms of their bond strength.

A

Ionic > Covalent > Coordinate Covalent> Metallic > Hydrogen Bond > Vander waal

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5
Q

What is Ionic Bond?

A

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between metal and non metal when metal donates one or more electrons to another non metal. This transfer of electrons causes the donating atom to become a positively charged ion (cation) and the receiving atom to become a negatively charged ion (anion). The strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions holds them together, creating an ionic compound. This type of bonding typically occurs between metals and nonmetals, such as in sodium chloride (NaCl).

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6
Q

What is electrovalency?

A

The number of valence electrons involved in formation of ionic bond is electrovalency.

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7
Q

Conditions for formation of ionic bond are?

A
  • One atom should have low I.P (Metal)
  • Other must have high E.A (Non metal)
  • Lattice energy should be high
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8
Q

What are the characters of Ionic Bond?

A
  • Direction : Non directional
  • Density : High
  • M.P and B.P : High (Due to high electrostatic force of attraction)
  • State is Solid
  • Solubility : Soluble in polar solvents like water
  • Electrical conductivity : Yes
  • Reaction speed : Fast
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9
Q

Atoms are more stable in bonded form than in uncombined state due to?

A

Decrease in potential energy in combined form increasing the overall stability in the bond formation process

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10
Q

The cations and anions are held by a force of attraction called?

A

electrostatic force of attraction

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11
Q

Metal + Non-Metal = ?

A

Ionic bond

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12
Q

Non-Metal + Non-Metal = ?

A

Covalent bond

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13
Q

Generally , Ionic bonds are formed between atoms of electronegativity difference greater than?

A

1.8 ( in Pauling scale)

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14
Q

Why are compounds called ionic even though they have covalent bond as well?

A

As the particles of the compound are ions

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15
Q

Solubility of Ionic and Covalent compounds?

A

Ionic - soluble in polar solvents (water)
Covalent - soluble in nonpolar solvents (benzene, diethyl ether)

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16
Q

What is covalent Bond and what type of compound is HCl?

A

The bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons between non-metals is known as covalent bond.

Polar Covalent Bond

17
Q

What is coordinate covalent bond?

A

The bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two combining atoms , in which both the shared electrons contributed by one of the bonded atoms only, it is coordinate covalent bond.

18
Q

What is Lewis acid and Lewis base?

A

Lewis acid - electron pair acceptor that accept electrons from lewis base
Lewis base - electron pair donor having completely filled shell

19
Q

Failure of octet rule is due to?

A
  1. Compounds of Hydrogen
  2. Molecules having incomplete octet are also stable. BeCl2, BF3
  3. Molecules having super-octet structures i.e. having more than 8 electrons
    4.Compounds of transition metals
20
Q

What is resonance?

A

The occurrence of multiple structures of a compound is called resonance.

21
Q

What is resonance hybrid?

A

The real structure of the molecule or ion is hybrid of these structures which is called resonance hybrid.

22
Q

Why does AlF3 form ionic bond and AlCl3 form covalent bond?

A

AlF₃ is ionic because the high electronegativity of fluorine and the small, hard-to-polarize F⁻ ion lead to a large transfer of electrons and the formation of strong ionic bonds.
AlCl₃ is covalent because the electronegativity difference is smaller, and the more easily polarizable Cl⁻ ion allows for electron sharing, leading to covalent bonding.

Chlorine - Easily polarizable
Florine - Not easily polarizable

23
Q

Covalent bond is formed by?

A

-Sharing of electrons between combining atoms.
- Overlapping of atomic orbitals

24
Q

Properties of covalent bond:

A
  1. Directional
  2. Low melting and Boiling points
  3. No electrical conductivity
  4. Soluble in non polar solvents like alcohol.
25
Q

Conditions for formation of covalent bond:

A
  1. High Ionizational Potential
  2. High Electron Affinity
  3. Low electronegativity difference
26
Q

What is coordinate covalent bond?

A

The bond formed between two species where the electrons for sharing are contributed by only one bonded specie is known as coordinate covalent bond.

27
Q

Why is coordinate covalent bond called semi polar bond?

A

A semipolar bond has characteristics that are intermediate between purely covalent and ionic bonds.
In an ionic bond, electrons are completely transferred.
In a covalent bond, electrons are equally shared.
In a coordinate covalent (semi polar) bond, one atom provides both electrons, leading to a bond that has some directionality and polarity but still involves electron sharing so, it is called semipolar bond.

28
Q

Conditions for formation of coordinate covalent bond :

A
  1. The donor atom must posses at least one lone pair of electron
  2. The acceptor atom must only need one pair of electrons to acquire closest noble gas configuration.
29
Q

Why was concept of resonance introduced?

A

the concept of resonance is fundamental in chemistry for explaining the stability, structure, and reactivity of molecules, especially when a single structural representation cannot accurately describe the molecule’s electron distribution. It helps chemists better understand how certain molecules behave and predict their properties more accurately.

In molecules like ozone (O₃), resonance explains why bond lengths are intermediate between single and double bonds. Without resonance, we might expect different bond lengths, but the true structure shows equal bond lengths due to electron delocalization.

30
Q

What is hydrogen bond?

A

The force of attraction between already bonded hydrogen with highly electronegative elements like FON is hydrogen bond.

31
Q

Why does Nitrogen create hydrogen bond but not Cl?

A

Due to small size of N

32
Q

Strength of hydrogen bond increases with increase in ?

A

Electronegativity of FON. F>O>N

33
Q

o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol

A

O- intramolecular
P- intermolecular

34
Q

van der Waal’s Force :

A
  1. Instantaneous force of attraction
  2. Weaker than hydrogen bond
  3. Increases with increase in size, surface area and polarity.
35
Q

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

A

Kessom Force

36
Q

Ion-Dipole Interaction

A

London Force

37
Q

Instantaneous dipole - induced dipole interaction :

A

London Force ( Non-polar )

Chemistry (11 decks)

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