bonding

Question 1

how do metal atoms bond with each other

Answer 1

(metallic bonding)They form a LATTICE (grid) of IONS surrounded by a ‘SEA’ OF DELOCALISED ELECTRONS.

As the electrons are free to move, metals are good CONDUCTORS of electricity and heat.

Question 2

how do metal and non metals bond together

Answer 2

(ionic bonding) Meeal aeoms donate elecerons to non-metals to form IONS.

the charge of all ions in an ionic compound must add up to 0

Question 3

what can the dot and cross diagram be used for and what does it show

Answer 3

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS show the electrons on the outer shells. (The arrow isn’t needed). Metals always end up with an empty outer shell, non-metals with 8 electrons.

Question 4

name characteristics of ionic structures

Answer 4

Ionic substances have HIGH MELTING/BOILING POINTS due to the STRONG IONIC BONDS (as the ions have strong electrostatic forces between them).

Question 5

what can positive and negative ions can be called

Answer 5

positive ions are also know as cations

negative ions are called anions

Question 6

what can ionic compounds also be called

Answer 6

called salts e.g sodium chloride

Question 7

how are ions arranged in a lattice

Answer 7

Ions are arranged in a LATTICE of repeating
units of positive and negative IONS.
These form a crystal.

Question 8

what can ionic structures do

Answer 8

They can conduce electricity when MOLTEN or in SOLUTION (dissolved). This is because the ions are free to move in these states, and they carry charge.

Question 9

name molecular ions

Answer 9

hydroxide ion: OH -

sulfate ion: SO -2 4

carbonate ion: CO -2 3

nitrate ion: N0 - 3

ammonium ion:NH + 4

Question 10

how do non metals bond with each other and what do they consist of

Answer 10

Atoms SHARE electrons to gain FULL OUTER SHELLS.

consist of a pair of shared electrons

Question 11

what are the characteristics of simple covalent structures

Answer 11

they have a low boiling point due to weak inter molecular forces that need to be overcome

Question 12

what makes a giant molecule

Answer 12

This results in structures that consist of repeating units of atoms to make what are essentially giant molecules e.g. DIAMOND or SILICON DIOXIDE (‘silica’).

Question 13

what are some characteristics of giant covalent bonds

Answer 13

Very high melting points as you would have to break the covalent bonds.

Question 14

what is the ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

Answer 14

(Alloeropes: structures made of the same element but arranged differently).

Question 15

why does diamond have one of the hardest substances

Answer 15

due to very strong bonds.

Question 16

name some characteristics of graphite

Answer 16

• Delocalised electrons form weak bonds between layers.
• Can conduce electricity as these electrons can move.
• Layers can slide past each other (unlike alloys). GRAPHITE: one layer.