bonding Flashcards

1
Q

how do metal atoms bond with each other

A

(metallic bonding)They form a LATTICE (grid) of IONS surrounded by a ‘SEA’ OF DELOCALISED ELECTRONS.

As the electrons are free to move, metals are good CONDUCTORS of electricity and heat.

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2
Q

how do metal and non metals bond together

A

(ionic bonding) Meeal aeoms donate elecerons to non-metals to form IONS.

the charge of all ions in an ionic compound must add up to 0

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3
Q

what can the dot and cross diagram be used for and what does it show

A

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS show the electrons on the outer shells. (The arrow isn’t needed). Metals always end up with an empty outer shell, non-metals with 8 electrons.

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4
Q

name characteristics of ionic structures

A

Ionic substances have HIGH MELTING/BOILING POINTS due to the STRONG IONIC BONDS (as the ions have strong electrostatic forces between them).

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5
Q

what can positive and negative ions can be called

A

positive ions are also know as cations

negative ions are called anions

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6
Q

what can ionic compounds also be called

A

called salts e.g sodium chloride

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7
Q

how are ions arranged in a lattice

A

Ions are arranged in a LATTICE of repeating
units of positive and negative IONS.
These form a crystal.

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8
Q

what can ionic structures do

A

They can conduce electricity when MOLTEN or in SOLUTION (dissolved). This is because the ions are free to move in these states, and they carry charge.

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9
Q

name molecular ions

A

hydroxide ion: OH -

sulfate ion: SO -2 4

carbonate ion: CO -2 3

nitrate ion: N0 - 3

ammonium ion:NH + 4

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10
Q

how do non metals bond with each other and what do they consist of

A

Atoms SHARE electrons to gain FULL OUTER SHELLS.

consist of a pair of shared electrons

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of simple covalent structures

A

they have a low boiling point due to weak inter molecular forces that need to be overcome

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12
Q

what makes a giant molecule

A

This results in structures that consist of repeating units of atoms to make what are essentially giant molecules e.g. DIAMOND or SILICON DIOXIDE (‘silica’).

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13
Q

what are some characteristics of giant covalent bonds

A

Very high melting points as you would have to break the covalent bonds.

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14
Q

what is the ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

A

(Alloeropes: structures made of the same element but arranged differently).

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15
Q

why does diamond have one of the hardest substances

A

due to very strong bonds.

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16
Q

name some characteristics of graphite

A
  • Delocalised electrons form weak bonds between layers.
  • Can conduce electricity as these electrons can move.
  • Layers can slide past each other (unlike alloys). GRAPHITE: one layer.