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Chemistry 4th form > Bonding > Flashcards

Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

How is a compound formed

A

When different elements chemically react and form bonds with each other

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2
Q

How is a molecule formed

A

Elements are made up of just one type of atom sometimes joined to other atoms of the same element by chemical bonds

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3
Q

When does ionic bonding occur

A

Between a metal and a non metal

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4
Q

When does covalent bonding occur

A

Between non metals only

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5
Q

When does metallic bonding occur

A

With pure metals only

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6
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

An attraction between two or more atoms

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7
Q

What is an ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that have an electrical charge either posotive or negative

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8
Q

What is a noble gas

A

An atom with a full outer shell

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9
Q

How does an atom become an ion

A

By either gaining or loosing electrons to get an overall charge

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10
Q

What is the definition of ionic bondin

A

An electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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11
Q

Where are alkali metals found on periodic table

A

Group1

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12
Q

Where are halogens found in the periodic table

A

Group7

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13
Q

How are ionic bonds formed

A

If you have sodium then it has 1e- in its outer shell by loosing this electron it is now posotive chlorine has seven E- in its outer shell and so gains the electron that sodium has lost making it negative this posotive and negative attracts

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14
Q

What ion does zinc form

A

Zn+2

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15
Q

What ion does zinc form

A

Zn2+

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16
Q

What ion does silver form

A

Ag+

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17
Q

What ion does hydrogen form

A

H+

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18
Q

What ion does ammonium form

A

NH4+

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19
Q

What ion does iron form

A

Fe2+ or Fe3+

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20
Q

What ion does nitrate form

A

No3-

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21
Q

What ion does hydroxide form

A

OH-

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22
Q

What ion does hydrogencarbonate form

A

HCO3-

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23
Q

What ion does carbonate form

A

CO3-2

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24
Q

What ion does sulphate form

A

SO4-2

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25
Q

What ion does lead (II) oxide form

A

Pb+2

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26
Q

What ion does iron (III) oxide form

A

Fe+3

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27
Q

What ion does copper (II) Sulphate form

A

Cu+2

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28
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds

A

White crystals
Not volatile
Hugh melting points
Insulators
Soluble in water
Conduct electricity
Insoluble in cyclohexane

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29
Q

What are the four different types of compounds

A

Ionic compounds
Simple molecular covalent compounds
Giant molecular covalent compounds
Metallic compounds

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30
Q

What is an ionic compund

A

A compound that contains ions

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31
Q

What is an iron lattice

A

Millions and millions of irons are packed together in a regular lattice arrangement joined by strong ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions

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32
Q

And why do ionic compounds form crystals

A

Due to the regular structure of the ionic lattice

33
Q

What are the advantages of representing ionic compounds in circular 2-D format

A

It shows how each ion is surrounded by oppositely charged ions
It shows the ions closer together and without using stick to connect them

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of representing ionic compounds in a circular 2-D format

A

It only shows the ions into dimensions
It doesn’t show the difference in ionic size

35
Q

What are the advantages of representing ionic compounds in 2-D electronic structure way

A

Shows the electronic structure of ions
The charges on the ions
The ratio of ions in the formula

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of representing ionic compounds in 2-D electronic structure way

A

Doesn’t show how the ions are arranged in the lattice

37
Q

What are the advantages of representing ionic compounds in a stick diagram

A

Shows how the ions are organised in the lattice
Arrangement of ions can be seen and the empirical formula determined
Represents the structure in 3-D

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of representing ionic compounds in a stick diagram

A

The ions are not so widely spaced and the sticks do not really exist
It doesn’t show the difference in ionic size

39
Q

What is the advantage of representing ionic compounds in 3-D balls

A

It shows the structure in 3-D
The ions are close together
No sticks

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of representing ionic compounds in 3-D balls

A

Difficult to determine the arrangement of ions
Doesn’t show the difference of the ionic size

41
Q

Why are ionic compounds solid at room temperature

A

Ionic bonds are strong and a lot of heat is needed to break them larger ionic charges produce stronger ionic bonds and so much more heat is required to break the ionic bonds

42
Q

Why can ionic compounds not conduct electricity as a solid

A

Because that ions are bonded together in the lattice and so ions in solid state cannot move

43
Q

Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when liquid

A

The ions can break free of the lattice and are able to move the ions are charged particles and so can carry an electric current

44
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

The shared pair of electrons

45
Q

How does covalent bonding work

A

If you have two hydrogen atoms with one electron each they will bond together share the electrons and have two electrons on the outer shells

46
Q

How do you draw a covalent bond

A

Like a Venn diagram

47
Q

What are the properties of simple molecular compounds

A

They smell easy to change state insulator is generally insoluble very soluble in cyclohexane

48
Q

Do you simple molecular substances have high or low melting and boiling points

A

Low

49
Q

What are intermolecular forces

A

Weaker forces of attraction between molecules

50
Q

What breaks when a simple molecular substance melts

A

Is the intermolecular forces

51
Q

What is a giant covalent structure

A

Vast network of atoms E.g diamonds

52
Q

Do giant covalent structures have a high or low melting point

A

Hi because of the covalent bonds between the atoms

53
Q

What are allotropes

A

Different forms of the same element

54
Q

What is the property of diamonds

A

Hard
Very high melting and boiling point
Cannot conduct electricity

55
Q

What is Graphene

A

One layer of graphite

56
Q

Why can graphites layers rub away

A

Due to the weak intermolecular forces between them and due to it being in layers

57
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity

A

Because it has a delocalised electron which is free to carry electricity

58
Q

What are fullerenes

A

A third class of carbon compounds

59
Q

What are some uses of fullerenes

A

Nonstick slippery coating for machinery
Cages to hold drug molecules that can be delivered directly into the body
Chemical sponges to soak up toxic substances in the body
Molecular serves which trap large particles like viruses while allowing smaller healthy particles to past three

60
Q

When was fullerenes discovered

A

1985

61
Q

What are metals

A

Giant structures of positive ions

62
Q

What is metallic bonding

A

What is a metal has a delocalised electron and is free to move through the structure of the metal atoms become positively charged ions and are attracted to the Sea of electrons

63
Q

Why do metals have high melting points

A

It is due to the strong attraction between the positive charge metal ions and the sea of electrons

64
Q

Why are metals strong

A

What are metals hit the layers of metal ions are able to slide over each other answer the structure does not shatter the metallic bonds do not break because the delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the structure

65
Q

How do metals conduct heat and electricity

A

Do you localised electrons in metallic bonding allows metals conduct heat and electricity

66
Q

What is an alloy

A

A mixture containing one or more metal elements

67
Q

Why is gold usually an alloy

A

Because otherwise it’s uses like jewellery unsustainable because the pure gold would be too soft size mixed usually with copper and silver

68
Q

What is 24 carat gold

A

99.9% gold

69
Q

What is 18 carat gold

A

75% gold and 25% other metals

70
Q

What is 12 carat gold

A

50% gold

71
Q

What is most iron extracted four

A

To make steel

72
Q

What is pig Iron

A

Iron produced by the blast furnace

73
Q

What is cast-iron

A

96% iron pig iron which has been re-melted and cold
Impurities make it very brittle
Used for manhole covers and drain pipes

74
Q

What is root iron (pure iron) used for

A

Ornamental gates and railings it is very soft

75
Q

What is the structure in iron

A

Particles are all the same size
Particles slide past each other

76
Q

What is the structure in steel

A

Particles are different sizes this stops the particles sliding past each other

77
Q

What is shape memory alloy

A

A type of smart material made from metal is returned to its original shape after being deformed

78
Q

What is nitinol

A

A shape memory alloy made from nickel and titanium

Chemistry 4th form (6 decks)

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