Body Systems

Question 1

Which of the following is a function of the lungs?

a) act as reservoir of blood
b) Conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin III in the regulation of blood pressure and volume
c) Extract CO2 from the atmosphere
d) Maintain acid-base balance by absorption of oxygen

Answer 1

Act as reservoir of blood

b) Lungs involved in conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by ACE
d) Lungs maintain acid-base balance by exhaling CO2

Question 2

If a submariner exits a broken submarine at depth what is he/she advised to do?

a) Exhale as quickly as possible as surfacing
b) Hold nose and mouth shut as surfacing
c) Hold nose shut as surfacing
d) Take a deep breath and hold it as surfacing

Answer 2

?

Question 3

The functional residual capacity is the sum of which two lung volumes?

Answer 3

ERV and residual volume

Question 4

You have been asked to see a patient in the emergency department. The blood gas results performed by the nurse prior to your assessment are as follows: pH 7.27; pCO2 8.22 kPa; pO2 9.02 kPa. Which acid-base abnormality is this patient likely to have?

Answer 4

Respiratory acidosis

Question 5

In which zone of the lung are you most likely to have a collapsed blood vessel?

Answer 5

Zone 1

At top of lungs alveolar are almost fully open (squashes vessels). Pressure inside alveolus is higher than pressure of blood flowing through vessels.

P alveolar > P arterial > P venous (P out > P us > P ds)

Good ventilation but no perfusion, very small in healthy people

Question 6

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?

Answer 6

Bircarbonate ions

Question 7

Where in the respiratory centre is the pneuomotaxic centre located?

Answer 7

Pons

Pons contains pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre

Question 8

According to LaPlace’s Law, left ventricular wall tension is increased by:

Answer 8

?

Question 9

Abciximab (ReoPro) inhibits platelet:

a) activation
b) adhesion
c) aggregation
d) NO production

Answer 9

Aggregation

Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor of human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive molecules.

Question 10

Most sympathetic postganglionic axons release?

Answer 10

Noadrenaline

Question 11

Which of the following drugs is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)?

a) Atenolol
b) Candesartan
c) Lisinopril
d) Nifedipine

Answer 11

Candensartan

a) Atenolo: beta blocker
b) Candensartan: ARB
c) Lisinopril: ACE inhibitor
d) Nifedipine: calcium channel blocker

Question 12

Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterised by calcium ion channels opening and fast potassium channels closing?

Answer 12

Phase 2 (plateau phase)

Question 13

How is the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated?

Answer 13

Stroke volume / end diastolic volume

Question 14

Ectopic pancreatic tissue is MOST frequently found associated with the:

a) appendix
b) caecum
c) duodenum
d) gallbladder

Answer 14

Duodenum

Ectopic pancreatic tissue is most commonly associated with upper GI tract

Question 15

Infliximab is a chimeric antibody that binds to and neutralises the activity of which cytokine?

a) Interferon-gamma
b) Interleukin-1
c) Transforming growth factor
d) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha

Answer 15

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha

Infliximab is a chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody

Used to treat certain types of arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis of the spine, psoriatic arthritis), certain bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), and a certain severe skin disease (chronic plaque psoriasis).

Question 16

Pellagra is due to deficiency of which vitamin?

a) Niacin
b) Thiamine
c) Vitamin B6
d) Vitamin D

Answer 16

Niacin

Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth.

Question 17

What is Niacin?

Answer 17

Vitamin B3

Question 18

What is thiamine?

Answer 18

Vitamin B1

Question 19

Intrinsic factor is secreted by which cells?

a) oxyntic cells
b) pancreatic acinar cells
c) pancreatic duct cells
d) peptic cells

Answer 19

Oxyntic cells

Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Parietal cells are also known as oxyntic cells

Question 20

The function of the cytochrome P450 enzymes of the liver is to?

Answer 20

Detoxify xenobiotic compounds

Question 21

What hormone acts slowly to raise blood glucose concentrations, and also has a powerful immunosuppressant effect?

Answer 21

Cortisol

The activation of the stress system (and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response.

Question 22

Conventional triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori consists of?

Answer 22

Triple-therapy regimen that comprises a proton pump inhibitor and 2 antibacterials

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium (Nα+/K+) ATPase pump is true?

a) Pumps Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell
b) Pumps 2Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of K+ transferred into the cell
c) Pumps 2Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 3K+ transferred into the cell
d) Pumps 3Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell

Answer 23

Pumps 3Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell

Question 24

What is the principal buffer in the blood?

Answer 24

?

Question 25

What is most common cause of AKI:

a) Interstitial nephritis
b) Rhabdomyolysis
c) Sepsis
d) Vasculitis

Answer 25

Sepsis

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct fluid therapy response to a patient in hypovolaemic shock?

a) 500mls of sodium chloride 0.9% over 15 mins
b) 500mls of sodium chloride 5% over 15 mins
c) 1 litre of dextrose 0.9% over 15 mins
d) 1 litre of dextrose 5% over 15 mins

Answer 26

500mls of sodium chloride 0.9% over 15 mins

Question 27

During neonatal resuscitation, which is the most important initial manoeuvre?

a) chest compressions
b) inflation breaths
c) IV adrenaline
d) IV fluids

Answer 27

? Inflation breaths ?

Question 28

A woman is fully dilated and pushing in labour. What stage of labour is this classified as?

Answer 28

2nd

Question 29

Fetal lung surfactant decreases the surface tension in fetal lungs enhancing respiration. What cells are responsible for its production?

Answer 29

Type II pneumocytes