Body Systems Flashcards
Which of the following is a function of the lungs?
a) act as reservoir of blood
b) Conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin III in the regulation of blood pressure and volume
c) Extract CO2 from the atmosphere
d) Maintain acid-base balance by absorption of oxygen
Act as reservoir of blood
b) Lungs involved in conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by ACE
d) Lungs maintain acid-base balance by exhaling CO2
If a submariner exits a broken submarine at depth what is he/she advised to do?
a) Exhale as quickly as possible as surfacing
b) Hold nose and mouth shut as surfacing
c) Hold nose shut as surfacing
d) Take a deep breath and hold it as surfacing
?
The functional residual capacity is the sum of which two lung volumes?
ERV and residual volume
You have been asked to see a patient in the emergency department. The blood gas results performed by the nurse prior to your assessment are as follows: pH 7.27; pCO2 8.22 kPa; pO2 9.02 kPa. Which acid-base abnormality is this patient likely to have?
Respiratory acidosis
In which zone of the lung are you most likely to have a collapsed blood vessel?
Zone 1
At top of lungs alveolar are almost fully open (squashes vessels). Pressure inside alveolus is higher than pressure of blood flowing through vessels.
P alveolar > P arterial > P venous (P out > P us > P ds)
Good ventilation but no perfusion, very small in healthy people
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?
Bircarbonate ions
Where in the respiratory centre is the pneuomotaxic centre located?
Pons
Pons contains pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre
According to LaPlace’s Law, left ventricular wall tension is increased by:
?
Abciximab (ReoPro) inhibits platelet:
a) activation
b) adhesion
c) aggregation
d) NO production
Aggregation
Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor of human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive molecules.
Most sympathetic postganglionic axons release?
Noadrenaline
Which of the following drugs is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)?
a) Atenolol
b) Candesartan
c) Lisinopril
d) Nifedipine
Candensartan
a) Atenolo: beta blocker
b) Candensartan: ARB
c) Lisinopril: ACE inhibitor
d) Nifedipine: calcium channel blocker
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterised by calcium ion channels opening and fast potassium channels closing?
Phase 2 (plateau phase)
How is the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated?
Stroke volume / end diastolic volume
Ectopic pancreatic tissue is MOST frequently found associated with the:
a) appendix
b) caecum
c) duodenum
d) gallbladder
Duodenum
Ectopic pancreatic tissue is most commonly associated with upper GI tract
Infliximab is a chimeric antibody that binds to and neutralises the activity of which cytokine?
a) Interferon-gamma
b) Interleukin-1
c) Transforming growth factor
d) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
Infliximab is a chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody
Used to treat certain types of arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis of the spine, psoriatic arthritis), certain bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), and a certain severe skin disease (chronic plaque psoriasis).
Pellagra is due to deficiency of which vitamin?
a) Niacin
b) Thiamine
c) Vitamin B6
d) Vitamin D
Niacin
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth.
What is Niacin?
Vitamin B3
What is thiamine?
Vitamin B1
Intrinsic factor is secreted by which cells?
a) oxyntic cells
b) pancreatic acinar cells
c) pancreatic duct cells
d) peptic cells
Oxyntic cells
Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Parietal cells are also known as oxyntic cells
The function of the cytochrome P450 enzymes of the liver is to?
Detoxify xenobiotic compounds
What hormone acts slowly to raise blood glucose concentrations, and also has a powerful immunosuppressant effect?
Cortisol
The activation of the stress system (and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response.
Conventional triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori consists of?
Triple-therapy regimen that comprises a proton pump inhibitor and 2 antibacterials
Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium (Nα+/K+) ATPase pump is true?
a) Pumps Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell
b) Pumps 2Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of K+ transferred into the cell
c) Pumps 2Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 3K+ transferred into the cell
d) Pumps 3Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell
Pumps 3Nα+ out of the cell in exchange of 2K+ transferred into the cell
What is the principal buffer in the blood?
?
What is most common cause of AKI:
a) Interstitial nephritis
b) Rhabdomyolysis
c) Sepsis
d) Vasculitis
Sepsis
Which of the following is the correct fluid therapy response to a patient in hypovolaemic shock?
a) 500mls of sodium chloride 0.9% over 15 mins
b) 500mls of sodium chloride 5% over 15 mins
c) 1 litre of dextrose 0.9% over 15 mins
d) 1 litre of dextrose 5% over 15 mins
500mls of sodium chloride 0.9% over 15 mins
During neonatal resuscitation, which is the most important initial manoeuvre?
a) chest compressions
b) inflation breaths
c) IV adrenaline
d) IV fluids
? Inflation breaths ?
A woman is fully dilated and pushing in labour. What stage of labour is this classified as?
2nd
Fetal lung surfactant decreases the surface tension in fetal lungs enhancing respiration. What cells are responsible for its production?
Type II pneumocytes
