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Body Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers and lines much of the body

Ex skin

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1
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Found all over the body and primarily holds things together and provides structure
Ex cartilage

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3
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Provides the means for movement by and within the body

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmits “messages” and is made of neurons and neuroglia

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5
Q

6 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Protect the soft body parts
Produce blood cells 
Act as a storage unit for minerals 
To provide support and allow us movement 
Framework 
Helps us breath
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6
Q

4 different types of bones

A

LONG BONE-longer than they are wide. Found in arms and legs
SHORT BONES- equal in width and length. Found in wrists and ankles
FLAT BONES- thinner bones, flat or plate like. Found in skull ribs
IRREGULAR BONES- odd shaped, connects to other bones. Hip bones and vertebrae

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7
Q

Periosteum

A

The covering around the bone

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8
Q

Bone marrow

A

Yellow marrow- high fat content

Red marrow- makes blood cells

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9
Q

2 types of Bone tissue

A

Compact bone- dense,hard tissue found in the shafts of long bone and outer layer
Spongy bone. Irregular holes give bone a spongy appearance

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10
Q

What is the formation of bone called ?

A

Ossification

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11
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Nonspecialized cells found in the periosteum,endosteum and central canal of compact bone

Turn into other cells as needed

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12
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that build bone

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that were originally osteoblasts

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Tear down old bone constantly

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15
Q

What is it called when cartilage is replaced by bone?

A

Endochondral ossification

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16
Q

Growth plate

A

Epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

What is the 1st stage of bone repair?

A

Hematoma formation and inflammation

-blood collects around the fractured and the injured tissue release chemicals that trigger inflammation

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18
Q

What is the 2nd stage of bone repair?

A

Soft (fibrocarilage) callus formation

-cartilage fills in the space between the bones and blood vessels begin to grow into the area

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19
Q

What is stage 3 of bone repair?

A

Hard(bony) callus formation

- bone replaces the cartilage

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20
Q

What is the fourth stage in bone repair?

A

The bone is remodelled via the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts until the fracture is nearly undetectable

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

A form of connective tissue and that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure
Ex. Nose ear ribs

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22
Q

Joint

A

Articulation

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23
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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24
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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25
Q

Name 5 different types of joints

A 
Gliding- finger ankle 
Hinge- knee elbow 
Saddle- thumb 
Ellipoidal- forearm 
Pivot- neck
Ball and socket- shoulder hip
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26
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No movement

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27
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Slight movement

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28
Q

Synovial joints

A

Easily move

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29
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Thorax
Spinal column
Hyoid bone
Bones of ear and skull

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30
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A 
Arms 
Legs
Hips
Shoulders 
Hands 
Feet
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31
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joints

32
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreasing bone density

33
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

34
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Input and output pathways (everything besides the CNS)

35
Q

Sensory system

A

Senses sample the environment and bring info to the nervous system

36
Q

Motor system

A

The output side carries out the orders from the brain and spinal cord

37
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscles and usually voluntary movement

38
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Controls smooth and cardiac muscles

39
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Controls normal body functioning

40
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Body’s alert system

Fight or flight

41
Q

Nervous tissue is made up of what 2 cells?

A

Neuroglia and neurons

42
Q

Neuroglia

A

Specialized cells in nervous tissue that allow it to perform nervous system functions. They hold the nervous system together

43
Q

Neurons

A

All the control functions of the nervous system

Cell metabolism

44
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from the environment or other cells

45
Q

Axon

A

Signals leave the cell body and travel through the axon

46
Q

Synapse

A

A structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell

47
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that envelope the central nervous system

48
Q

Kidneys

A

Cleans the blood

Removes the urea from the blood and sends it to the bladder

49
Q

Bladder

A

Inflates like a balloon when it is full of urine

Holding place for urine

50
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

The thyroid under produces hormones

Also called Hashimoto’s disease

51
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overproduction of thyroid hormones

Also known as Graves’ disease

52
Q

Pineal gland

A

In the forehead

Melatonin

53
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In the brain

Oxytocin

54
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Above the kidneys

55
Q

Thymus

A

Below thyroid

56
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that get release into the bloodstream

57
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Helps regulate hormones and glands

58
Q

Large intestine

A

Water re absorption
Absorption of vitamins
Packaging and compacting waste products for elimination from the body

59
Q

Small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption

60
Q

Rugae

A

Deep folds in your stomach that expand and decrease its size

61
Q

Peristalsis

A

Smooth muscle contractions of the esophagus move food down towards the stomach

62
Q

Villi

A

The purpose is to provide an increase in the surface area of the small intestine

63
Q

What gas does our body take in?

A

Oxygen

64
Q

What gas does our body give off?

A

Carbon dioxide

65
Q

Why does sweat stink?

A

Sweat only smells when it is left on the skin and bacteria degrades substances in the sweat into chemicals that give off a strong smell

66
Q

Melanin

A

What gives your skin colour

The darker you are the more melanin you have

67
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produces melanin

68
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

The line that separates the left and right brain

69
Q

Sterol

A

Have a multiple ring structure

Found in plant and animal food

70
Q

Why do we need fat?

A

Fat provides 9 cal of energy per gram

71
Q

How much fat should we eat?

A

AMDR is 20-35%

We should limit saturated fats and trans fatty acid

72
Q

Hidden vs visible fats

A

Oils and butter (v)

Baked good and processed meats(h)

73
Q

Denaturation

A

When proteins lose their shape and function due to heat, acids and bases
Ex. Curdled milk

74
Q

Complete protein

A

A protein with all 9 essential amino acids

75
Q

Amino acid

A

There are 20 amino acids

There are 9 essential amino acids

76
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

Shape

77
Q

Pulmonary

A

Blood to the heart

78
Q

Systemic

A

Blood to the whole body

Health Science (4 decks)

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