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Science yearly exam study > Body systems > Flashcards

Body systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process of breaking down food into a usable form and making the nutrients available.

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2
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine.

Other: Pancreas, Liver.

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3
Q

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

A

Your teeth break down food and the saliva moistens the food to make it easy to swallow.

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4
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?

A

It is a long muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach and the muscles (bolus) push the food down by contracting and relaxing. This process is called peristalsis.

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5
Q

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Food is then stored in the stomach for 1-6 hours where the food is turned into a thick, acidic soup. Mechanical digestion occurs as the muscular walls relax and contract, churning the food and mixing it with gastric juice.

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6
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

A 6 metre long narrow tube with a diameter of 3cm which breaks down food, absorbs the nutrients the body needs, and excretes unnecessary components.

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the small intestine and what do they do?

A

duodenum: tubes from the liver and pancreas deliver chemicals for digestion.

ileum: where the food reaches in the form of very tiny particles that are then absorbed.

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8
Q

What is a villi?

A

The villi cover the inner lining of the ileum. They are microscopic fingers that increase the surface area available for absorbing nutrients.

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9
Q

What is a capillary?

A

Within each villus is a tiny blood vessel called the capillary with walls only 1 cell thick, so the nutrients have only a tiny bit to travel into the blood. They transport, blood and nutrients to cells and organs in your body

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10
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Is the final section of the digestive tract and is 1.5m long and 6-7cm wide. Water is reabsorbed into the body from what is left of our food and any remaining nutrients.

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11
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

It is connected to the digestive tract and produces pancreatic juice that contains chemicals that break down carbohydrates, protein and fats.

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12
Q

What is the liver?

A

The largest internal organ that is responsible for over 500 chemical processes. It produces bile which is a greenish liquid responsible for the mechanical breakdown of fats. It breaks large pieces of fat into tiny pieces.

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13
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

Mechanical digestion is a physical change when food is broken down into smaller pieces that happen when you tear and chew things in your mouth.

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14
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

When the large substances in your food are broken down into simpler chemicals.

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15
Q

How does chemical digestion happen?

A

It happens when saliva in your mouth and gastric juices in your stomach break down your food.

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16
Q

Why is chemical digestion a chemical change?

A

This is a chemical change because new substances are made and these new smaller chemicals can be absorbed by the body.

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17
Q

Define respiration as a series of chemical reactions

A

It is a series of chemical changes that take place in cells to release energy.

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18
Q

Describe the process of respiration

A

The respiratory system burns oxygen and glucose for energy, and are changed for carbon dioxide. It takes out oxygen from the air you breathe in and passes it into the bloodstream. It also gets rid of carbon dioxide which is a waste product produced by cells.

19
Q

What are the new substances formed during respiration?

A

New substances like carbon dioxide and water are formed.

20
Q

How does the respiration process produce energy?

A

By combining glucose with oxygen from the air and burning it for energy.

21
Q

How is respiration a chemical change?

A

It is a chemical change because new substances like carbon dioxide and water are formed by burning extracted oxygen from the air you breathe in and combining it with glucose.

22
Q

Explain the process of breathing

A

Breathing is the physical process of exchanging gases, breathing oxygen in, and breathing carbon dioxide out.

23
Q

Is breathing a physical or chemical process?

A

Physical

24
Q

Outline the main organ in the respiratory system and how it works

A

The lungs.

When you breathe in, air enters your lungs and oxygen from that air enters your lungs. Carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to your lungs and is breathed out.

25
Q

What are the other respiratory organs?

A

The nose
The trachea
The breathing muscles
(the diaphragm)

26
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The walls are only 1 cell thick.

27
Q

What process happens at the alveoli?

A

The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.

28
Q

What is breathing rate and respiration rate?

A

Breathing and respiration rates are both how many breaths a person takes in a minute.

29
Q

List the components of the circulatory system

A

The heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body.

Blood vessels: which include your arteries, veins and capillaries.

Blood: made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

30
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

The heart is made up of four chambers: 2 upper chambers known as the left and right atrium and 2 lower chambers called the left and right ventricle. It is also made up of four valves: the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves.

31
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products (carbon dioxide) back to the lungs to be removed.

32
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body.

33
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To collect oxygen-poor blood throughout your body and carry it back to your heart or carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.

34
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Is where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste. They also take waste products away from your tissues. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues.

35
Q

Define excretion as the way the body gets rid of wastes it has produced.

A

Getting rid of the wastes your body has produced is called excretion.
The lungs, skin, liver and kidneys are all involved in excretion.

36
Q

How do the lungs excrete waste?

A

The lungs remove carbon dioxide which is the waste product. It also excretes water. These are carried back to the lungs and breathed out.

37
Q

How does the liver excrete waste?

A

Toxic substances that enter the body are carried to the liver where they
are broken down into harmless substances.
It also breaks down old blood cells.

38
Q

How does the skin excrete waste?

A

Chemical reactions in the body produce heat. Our excess heat is lost through sweating.

39
Q

How do kidneys excrete waste?

A

Kidneys filter 50 litres of blood every hour. They excrete urea and control the amount of water in our bodies.

The kidneys create urine from urea, salt, water and it is excreted.

40
Q

Define the function of the skeleton.

A

Your bones form a supportive frame, your skeleton for your body which your muscles attach to.

41
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton: The main role is to protect your organs. It is mainly around your chest area, spine and head.

Appendicular skeleton: The main role is to allow movement. Arms, hips, pelvis, shoulders and legs.

42
Q

What are ligaments and their functions?

A

Ligaments are bands of tough, flexible
tissue that keep joints in place and
prevent them from moving too far apart.

43
Q

What are muscles and their functions?

A

Muscles are pieces of soft tissue throughout your body that contract and produce movement and can be stretched.

44
Q

What are tendons and their functions?

A

Tendons are connective tissue that attach muscles to bones. A tendon moves the bone or structure.

Science yearly exam study (4 decks)

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