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PSYC 211 (Behavioural Neuroscience) > Body Senses & Chemicals > Flashcards

Body Senses & Chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stimulus for hearing?

A

-Sound and sound waves

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2
Q

Discuss sound

A

-produced by objects that vibrate and set molecules in the air into motion, vary in pitch, loudness, timbre

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3
Q

Discuss sound waves

A
  • Changes in pressure of sound waves, move in and out of the eardrum which produces sound
  • Air molecules are closer together in regions of high pressure and further apart in regions of low pressure
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4
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of frequency?

A

Pitch, where a high pitch will be a higher frequency

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5
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of amplitude?

A

Loudness, where the greater the amplitude, the greater the loudness

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6
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of complexity?

A

Timbre, where the smoother the soundwave, the more simple

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7
Q

Discuss the transduction of sound

A

1) Sound travels through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to capture the sound
2) Then, the ossicles will amplify the sound and eventually to the cochlea
3) Sound transferred to liquid filled cochlea which includes the organ of corti

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8
Q

What is the organ of corti

A

The receptive organ, contains a basilar membrane, hair cells and tectorial membrane

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9
Q

On the organ of corti, how will sound be transmitted

A

The auditory hair cells attached to the basilar membrane will be activated and transmit thru the tectorial membrane, and is attached to the axons of audiotory nerves

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10
Q

Discus the response to sound waves in the ear

A

Once the sound is amplified by the ossicles, it will vibrate behind the oval window. Then, the sound will pass thru the basilar membrane which will felx back and forth in response to frequency which eventually causes the round window to bulge outwards

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11
Q

What are the two types of auditory hair cells? Where do they attach to?

A
  • Inner and outer auditoru har cells

- They form synapses with the dendrites of neurons whose axons bring auditory information to the brain

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12
Q

What is the transduction apparatus of the hair cells? What does this mena?

A

Allows to transmit frequency (mechanical) into electrical impules, done thru the insertional plaque

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13
Q

How is transduction in the inner ear accomplished?

A

By the force of moving toward the tallest cilia, the closer to the tallest cilia, the greater the firing rate

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14
Q

On a cellular level, how does the “leaning” of the hairs cause an increase in AP?

A

The ions channels are stretched open, as K+ and Ca2+ enter the ion channle and become depolarized

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15
Q

What are the two cochlear nerve connections?

A

1) Afferent (sent to brain via cohelar nerve)

2) Efferent (fibers create the olivocochlear bundle)

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16
Q

What is the final destination of the auditory cortex?

A

The auditory cortex

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17
Q

Discuss the relationship with the auditory cortex and the basilar membrane

A

Tonotopic representation, where the basilar membrane will vibrate with increasing vibrating frequencies which is right within the primary and secondary auditory cortex

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18
Q

Discuss the pathway of transmission of auditory information in the ear through the streams

A

The information is received from the primary auditory cortex (the core, with the basilar membrane which vibrates), this is then transmitted to the secondary auditory region or the surrounding belt region. Then, the information is sent to the posterior stream (localization of sound, the WHERE) and the anterior stream (analysis of complex sounds, the WHAT)

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19
Q

How is perception of pitch and loudness determined by high freq and mod freq sounds?

A

By place coding (firing of hair cells at the location which is active on the BM), and loudness is determined by the rate of the APs from the hair cells

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20
Q

How is perception of pitch and loudness determined by low freq sounds?

A

Rate coding, where hair cells at the apical end of the BM fire in synch with the frequency of the sound wave, loudness is determined by the number of active hair cells

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21
Q

How is the perception of timbre analyzed?

A

There are sounds with a mixture of frequencies, therefore we must distinguish between fundamental frequency and overtones

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22
Q

Discuss how we can figure out sound localization

A

If the sound is coming from the R, the sound wave will travel from R–>L eardrum which we can perceive
-If the sound is coming in front of us, both earrums are pushed at the same time

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23
Q

How come when sound comes from the left, we know it comes from the left?

A

There is a difference in timing difference. For example, there is a shorter difference for the AP to travel from the left ochealr nuclues to the superior olive. Then, the superior olive will activate the R cochlear nucleus to initiate the impulse.

24
Q

How is vertical sound localized?

A

Based on reflections thru the pinna

25
Q

In the perception of the recognition of sound, what is he role of the posterior stream?

A

Involved in the perception if the identity of sounds (also sound localization)

26
Q

In the perception of the recognition of sound, what is the role of the anterior stream?

A

The perception of the location of sounds (also analysis of complex sound)

27
Q

What are the two components of the vestibular system?

A
  • Vestibular sacs (utricle and saccule)

- Semicircular canals

28
Q

What are the vestibular sacs responsible for?

A

Orientation

29
Q

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

A

Rotation and changes in position and linear acceleration

30
Q

In terms of the hair cilia in the vestibular system and the auditory system, what is the main difference?

A

In the auditory system, senses external environment (with mechanical sound-waves transmitted into electrical impulses). In the vestibular system, senses movements itself (with the moving crystals, hair moving)

31
Q

What is the function of cutaneous senses?

A

Provides information from the surface of the body

32
Q

What is the function of proprioception?

A

Provide information about location of the body in space

33
Q

What is the function of kinesthesia?

A

Provide information about movement of the body through space

34
Q

What is the function of organic senses?

A

Provide information from in and around the internal organs

35
Q

What kind of stimuli does cutaneous senses respond to?

A

-Pressure, vibration, heating, cooling and events that cause tissue damage

36
Q

What is glaborous skin?

A

Skin with no hair, such as palms - has more free nerve endings

37
Q

What kind of receptors are exclusively found in glaborous skin?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, help in the detection of edge contours - helps us read “braille”

38
Q

What are the three types of perception of cutaneous stimulation?

A
  • Touch
  • Temperature
  • Pain
39
Q

What is touch? how do we feel touch?

A
  • The sensitivity to pressure and vibration caused by the movement of the skin
  • Caused by the movement of the dendrites of mechanoreceptors
40
Q

What are the two categories of thermal receptors?

A
  • Those that respond to warmth and are deep in the skin

- Those that respond to coolness, and located beneath the epidermis

41
Q

How are sensations of hot and cold prodyced?

A

Chemicals can bind with receptors to produce sensations of cold and heat

42
Q

How is pain detected/

A

By the networks of free nerve endings on the skin

43
Q

What are three types of pain receptors?

A
  • Respond to intense pressure
  • Respond to extremes of heat, acids and capsaicin
  • Respond to pungent irritants
44
Q

What are the two major ascending pathways of somatic sensation?

A
  • Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

- Spinothalamic pathway

45
Q

What are the three perceptual and behavioural effects of pain?

A

a) pure perception of intensity of the painful stimulus
b) Immediate emotional consequences of pain
c) long-term emotional implications of chronic pain

46
Q

What is involved in the perception of pain?

A

-Primary somatosensory cortex

47
Q

What is the stimuli for gustation?

A

-Taste of different substances (6), where flavour is a composite of olfaction and gustation

48
Q

How is saltiness perceived?

A

The substance must be ionized, then sodium enters the simple sodium channel and depolarizes the cell

49
Q

How is sourness perceived?

A

Response to the hydrogen ions present in acidic solutions, can also depolarize the cell

50
Q

How are bitterness, sweetness and umami perceived?

A

Thru the activation of G proteins which have downstream signalling effects

51
Q

What makes up the primary olfactory coretx?

A

Pyriform and entorhinal cortex

52
Q

What is the purpose of olfaction?

A

Helps ID or avoid foods that are unfit to eat and I friends/foes.
Stimulus for odour are lipid-soluble volatile substances

53
Q

How does depolarization happen in the olfactory receptors?

A

Odorant molecules attach to an oddorant receptor protein, which stimulates G-protein cascade. CAMP will cause the opening of Calcium Sodium channels, consequently chloride will move OUT of the cell (making the inside more positive) and membrane depolarization happens

54
Q

How can we smell different things?

A

There are different types of receptors which will fire in different patterns to produce chracteristic smells

55
Q

Discuss olfactory coding

A

The odour molecules will attach to a different combination of receptor molecules, if a portion of molecules fits a binding site, it will activate and stimulate the olfactory neuron

PSYC 211 (Behavioural Neuroscience) (4 decks)

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