Body In Motion Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of the skeletal system?
A
Framework > base to which muscles attach , help movement
Protection > protecting vital organs
Storage
2
Q
What does the skeleton do?
A
Protects: Skull, ribs, brain , spinal cord
Is the base for attachment and helps muscle movement
3
Q
What is the function of the long & short bones?
A
Act as a lever or to transfer forces
4
Q
What is the function of flat bones?
A
Protect vital organs
5
Q
What bones are in the appendicular system?
A
Shoulders, arms, hips, legs
6
Q
What is the location and role of the clavicle?
A
Long bone
Provides attachment between shoulder girdle and vertebral column
Greater mobility to shoulder during movement
7
Q
What is the scapula and its role?
A
Large triangular flat bone
Allows arm to attach to trunk
8
Q
Where is the humerus located and what is its role ?
A
Long bone in upper limb
Joins shoulder and elbow
Move in many directions & rotates the joint
9
Q
What is the longer bone on the forearm ; and which finger side of the forearm is it found?
A
Ulna
10
Q
What bone works with the ulna in the arm?
A
( Radius ) Long bone in upper limb; forearm
Works with Ulna to provide structure and allows it to rotate
11
Q
What are the bones of the wrist and fingers and what are their roles?
A
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Role: Provide structure to the hand allowing it to perform fine motor movements.
12
Q
Where does the pelvic girdle attach to & what is it’s purpose?
A
Attachment for lower limbs and muscles
Provides base for necessary support of weigh for the upper body
13
Q
Where is the femur located & what is it’s role?
A
Located on the upper leg, covered by large muscles that enable movement
14
Q
What is the bone used for protection of the kneecap
A
Kneecap
15
Q
Which bone is the fibula and what is it’s role
A
Works with tibia to support and stabilise lower leg joint & rotation of the knee
16
Q
What are the bones of the ankles & which are short / long + what is their role
A
Tarsals, Metatarsals & Phalanges
T- short M & P - long
Provide structure that enables movements
17
Q
What are fibrous joints ?
Give an example
A
Immovable joints that occur where no movement is possible.
E.g cranium which are fused lines called sutures
18
Q
What are cartilaginous joints?
Give an example
A
Slightly movable joints that permit limited movement
E.g Vertebral column- fibrous cartilage between discs
19
Q
What are synovial joints
Provide an example
A
Freely movable joints that allow maximal movement
E.g Ball and socket in shoulders
Hinge in elbow
20
Q
What is the flexion action & what does it do ?
A
Decreases the angle between the bones at joint.
21
Q
What is the extension action & what does it do ?
A
Increases the angle between the bones at the joint
22
Q
What is the dorsi flexion action and what does it do ?
A
Pulls the top of the foot towards the tibia
23
Q
What is the plantar flexion action & what does it do ?
A
Extension of the ankle,moves the top of the foot from the tibia
24
Q
What is the abduction action & what does it do ?
A
Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
25
What is the adduction action & what does it do ?
Movement of a body part towards the midline of the body
26
What is the rotation action & what does it do ?
Moving body part around on its long axis
27
What is the supination action & what does it do ?
Rotation of hand to face palm upwards
28
What is the pronation action & what does it do ?
Movement of the hand and forearm to face the palm downwards
29
What is the eversion action & what does it do ?
Rotation of foot to make sole of foot face outwards
30
What is the inversion action & what does it do ?
Rotation of foot to make sole of foot face inwards
31
What is the circumduction action & what does it do ?
Circular movement of a body part
32
What are ligaments and where do they connect to ?
Well-defined fibrous bands that connect to bones that require movement
33
What is the purpose of ligaments ?
Designed to assist joints capsules to maintain stability in the joints by restraining excessive movement
Controlling the degree of movement that occurs
34
What are tendons and what do they attach to?
Tough inelastic cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone
35
What is the role of tendons
To further strengthen joints and assist ligaments to hold the joint closed
36
What is synovial fluid
Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant and keeps the joint well oiled and the moving surfaces apart.
37
What is the function of synovial fluid in the synovial joints
Provide nutrition for the cartilage and carry away waste products
38
Does synovial fluid vary ?
Yes depending on amount and type of physical activity of the joint
39
What is the hyaline cartilage ?
Smooth shiny cartilage layer that allows bones to move freely over each other.
Is larger in the leg joint where fluid is greater weight bearing
40
Where does the hyaline cartilage receive nourishment from?
Has a limited blood supply but receives nourishment from the synovial fluid.
41
What are synovial joints?
Movable joints that contain a lubricating joint called synovial fluid. They are predominant in limbs where mobility is more important
42
What is the relationship of the ligaments and muscles with the synovial joints?
The ligaments provide their stability and the muscles contract to produce movement
43
Provide an example of synovial joints and a detailed explanation
Hinge joints: knee & elbow which allow movement alike to opening and closing hinge of a door
Ball and socket joints: hip & shoulder which are used whilst swinging arms and legs
44
Describe the following directional terms:
| Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal
```
Superior: Towards the head
Inferior: Towards the feet
Anterior: Towards the front
Posterior: Towards the back
Medial: Towards the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Towards the body's mass
Distal: Away from the body's mass
```
45
What is the role of the muscular system and what are it's actions
The muscular systems role is to contract
It shortens causing joint movement
Relaxes as opposing muscles pull the joint back
46
Where is the origin of the muscle usually attached directly or indirectly to ?
Tendon
47
What is the prime mover causing the major action of the muscles
Agonist
48
Which muscle relaxes and lengthens
Antagonist
49
What is the role of stabiliser muscles
Fixator muscles at a joint to stabilise it, give muscles a fixed base
50
Provide an example of an action for stabiliser muscles
Throwing; where shoulder muscles propel object, others act as stabilisers to allow efficient working and reducing the possibility of damaging joints.
51
What is the muscle contraction when the muscle shortens causing movement at a joint
Concentric
52
What does an eccentric muscle contraction do?
Lengthens while under tension
53
Explain the static muscle contraction & provide an example
Isometric
| Muscle fibers are activated but the muscle length does not change, therefore movement does not change
54
Explain the types of muscles and their role/location
Skeletal : muscles attached to bones to help move the skeleton
Cardiac: Muscles to form the heart
Smooth: Muscles located on the walls of our internal structures
55
What are the functions of the muscular system
Produce movement
Provide stabilisation
Generate heat
56
Name 3 common problems associated with the respiratory system
Asthma
Emphysema
Lung cancer
57
Outline what the alveoli are made up of and their main role
The alveolis are made up of tiny little air sacs
They have thin walls and capillaries attached. Their main role is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide from the alveoli into the bloodstream
58
Describe what happens to the diaphragm and chest cavity during inspiration
Diaphragm contracts upwards and outwards during inspiration also flattens
Chest cavity increases and expands
59
What is the function of the circulatory system
Distribute blood containing oxygen and nutrients & collect wastes
60
What are the functions of blood
Transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue
Remove CO2 and waste
Protecting the body via the immune system & clot to prevent blood loss
Regulate body temperature
61
What is the role of plasma
Replenish tissue
62
What is the role of red blood cells
Carry oxygen
63
What is the role of red blood cells
Make up immune system
64
What is the role of platelets
Needed for clotting
65
What is the function of the heart ?
Muscular pump to keep blood circulating through the body
66
What is the atria ?
Receiving chamber of the heart
67
What is the ventricle ?
Pumping chamber of the heart
68
Explain the cardiac cycle
Diastole : Relaxation & filling stage
| Systole: Contraction / pumping stage
69
What is the pulse?
Expanding and contracting of arterial walls when pressurised blood is passing through the body
70
What is the coronary circulation?
When the heart receives its own supply of blood from its own system of cardiac blood vessels that spread over the heart wall
71
What is the function of the arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart
72
What do the arteries branch into ?
Arterioles
73
What do the arterioles branch into?
Capillaries
74
What is the function of capillaries
Link between the arteries and veins to exchange oxygen and nutrients for waste through a capillary exchange
75
Provide the function of veins?
Venules collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and transfer it to the veins.
76
What is pulmonary circulation
Carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated then back to the heart
77
What is systemic circulation
Receiving and then carrying oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the entire body.
78
What are the two phases of blood pressure?
Systolic - highest pressure record
| Diastole - lowest pressure record
79
What three things are blood pressure determined by?
Cardiac output
Volume of blood in circulation
Resistance to blood flow.
80
What are the health relate components of physical fitness ?
```
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body Composition
```
81
What are the skill related components of physical fitness?
Power, speed, agility, coordination, balance, reaction time
82
What terms relate to the heart and lungs supplying oxygen to the lungs and muscles
Cardiorespiratory endurance, stamina, aerobic fitness
83
What is maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 max?
Maximum amount of oxygen capable of being supplied to the working muscles
84
What does oxygen supply to the muscles do
Allows muscles to work for longer at high intensities to continue performing
85
What is the measure of cardiorespiratory endurance and what is its effectiveness?
Shuttle beep test , measures the amount of oxygen individuals can uptake with a higher intensity level
86
What is the resting heart rate?
72 bpm
87
What health related component of fitness is this:
The force produced by muscles tested through speed of contractions, load, range of movement and condition of the muscles
Muscular strength
88
What is absolute strength?
Maximum amount of force that can be applied in one single movememnt ( 1 RM )
89
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Increasing strength leading to increase in muscles
90
How would you measure muscular strength?
Dynamometer test
91
What health related component of fitness measures how long various groups of muscle groups can continue to exert a force without stopping due to fatigue
Muscular endurance
92
What test is used to measure muscular endurance?
Sit up tet
93
What is flexibility?
Range of movement at one particular point
94
What does flexibility depend on ?
Elasticity of muscles & connective tissue
Shape of the joint
Amount of surrounding tissues
95
List 5 things flexibility helps with
1. Preventing injury
2. Improving posture
3. Improve blood circulation
4. Decrease chance of lower back pain later in life
5. Strengthen the muscles if combined with isomeric exercise
96
What does the sit and reach test for flexibility measure?
Elasticity > assesses lower back and hamstring flexibility
97
What is body composition?
Percentage of body fat,bone , water and muscle in the human bodies
98
What are essential fats
Fat acids that are essential to the body as they surround vital organs
99
What can the absence of essential fats lead to ?
Chronic health problems because fat helps to protect insulate and absorb shock
100
What are additional fats?
Storage fats that acts as a source of energy
101
What are storage fats?
Used to fuel during times of rest and sleep and n extended periods of exercise when supplies of blood glucose are exhausted
102
Why is the percentage of body composition bigger for women?
Because naturally they are child bearing
103
What is an appropriate measure of body composition?
Skin fold assessment
104
What is power ?
Ability to exert maximal force in quick bursts of energy
105
What is a common method of measuring power
Vertical jump test
106
What is speed and how can it be improved
How fast you can perform a task
Can be improved through reaction time , form, alignment, balance and utilisation of energy
107
What is a measure of speed?
50 metre sprint
108
What is the skill related component of fitness :
Ability to change direction quickly while on your feet whether you are standing or still in motion
Agility
109
How is agility measured?
Illinois Agility run
110
Define coordination.
Connection of the senses to produce efficient physical movements
111
What are characteristics of good coordination
acquiring new movements readily, adapting quickly to new sports, less prone to injury
112
What is a test for coordination
Alternate hand-wall toss
113
What is balance?
What is the difference between static and dynamic balance
Ability to maintian equilibrium in stationary or moving positions
Static balance is maintained while the body is stationary whilst dynamic is moving
114
What is a measure of balance?
Stork stand test
115
What is reaction time?
Skill to respond quickly to visual or sound signal
116
How do you measure reaction time?
Ruler Catch Test
117
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training?
Anaerobic training is muscular work taking place without oxygen being present for protracted periods of time
Whilst aerobic training is the presence of oxygen during low to moderate exercise
118
Outline the components of the fitt principle
Frequency
Intensity
Type
Time
119
How do you measure intensity in the fitt principle
Through the heart rate
120
Give an example of anaerobic training
Sprinting > muscles respond instantly and exhaust any fuel reserves
121
How do you improve aerobic training
practicing required movements to encourage correct adaptations
interval training
122
What is heart rate ?
Number of times the heart beats per minute
123
What does a low resting heart rate indicate?
Efficient cardiovascular system
124
How is maximal heart rate achieved?
Exhaustive exercises
125
What happens when an individual goes from an inactive to active state
Heart rate rises sharply
126
What happens to a fit and unfit person during cessation of the exercise
The fit persons heart rate declines rapidly whilst an unfit person make take hours to return to a pre exercise state
127
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood per beat of the heart
| Amount of blood discharged from the heart
128
What is stroke volume determined by
Ability to fill the ventricles by blood volume
| Ability to empty the ventricles as a result of ventricular contractions
129
What does an increase in stroke volume indicate?
Increase in the availability of oxygenated blood to their working muscles
More blood returning to the heart
130
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute increasing with exercise intesnity
131
What is cardiac output a combination of
Heart rate and stroke volume
132
How is cardiac output calculated?
Heart rate X Stroke volume
133
Define ventilation
Rate and depth of breathing
134
Explain the two stages of ventilation
Inspiration : process of breathing air into lungs
| Expiration: Expulsion of air from the lungs
135
What causes a ventilation response?
Demand for oxygen by the muscle cells
136
What happens to the ventilation rate when exercise begins ?
Ventilation intensifies, increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide , elevated respiratory activity
137
What is lactate
A salt formed from lactate acid that accumulates during intense aerobic activity
138
How is lactate formed?
formed during the breakdown of carbohydrates because of demand of oxygen
139
When exercising how is a burning sensation related to lactate levels?
Lactate levels would be increasing because of the demand for oxygen
140
What is the lactate inflection point
Point beyond given power output that cannot be maintained. Characterised by lactic acid accumulation and decreased time to fatigue
141
What is the relation of hydrogen to lactate levels
Hydrogen is responsible for increasing the acidity of blood and making it difficult for muscles to function properly
142
What are the lactate levels at rest?
7.4 indicating slight alkalinity
143
What are lactate levels?
ph value of blood which is affected by physical activityt
144
What are the components of motion?
- application of linear motion
- velocity
- speed
- acceleration
- moemntum in movement and performance contexts
145
What is biomechanics?
Science concerned with force and the effect of forces on the human body
146
What is motion and the two types of motion?
Movement of a body from one position to another,
| Animate & inanimate
147
What is linear motion and when does it take place?
Running in one direction
| takes place when a body and all its parts travel the same distance in the same direction at the same speed
148
Provide an example of linear motion?
Swimming or sprinting racing following a staight line from start to finish
149
What is velocity
DIstance travelling and time taken to travel
150
How do you calculate velocity ?
Displacement/ time taken
151
What is displacement?
how far out of place an object is,overall change in position
152
What is speed ? How is it measured?
How fast something/someone is
| Measured through distance over time
153
What is acceleration?
Rate of change which velocity changes in a given amojunt of time
154
What does an increase & decrease in velocity indicate?
```
increase = positive acceleration
decrease = negative acceleration
```
155
How is acceleration measured ?
change in velocity over the time interval
156
What is momentum ?
Quantity of motion that a body possesses
157
What is linear & angular momentum?
```
Linear = object or person moving in a straight line
Angular = when a body or an attachment is rotating
```
158
How do you increase momentum?
By increasing velocity
159
Define stability and balance
Stability: Resistance of a body to change in its equilibrium
Balance: When an individual can assume a stable position
160
What is the centre of gravity?
Point at which all the weight is evenly distributed and about which the object is balanced.
161
Explain components of the centre of gravity
1. The greater the mass the stronger the attraction
Centre of gravity does not need to lie within the physical limits of an object or person
Height of the centre of gravity is relative to the base of support
162
Provide an example to show the presence of the centre of gravity
Rugby player lowering their centre of gravity to maintain force and raising the centre of gravity of the other player to knock them off balance
163
What is the line of gravity ?
Line drawn vertically down from the Centre of gravity
164
What is the purpose of the line of gravity?
Indicating the direction that gravity is acting on the body
| TO achieve balance over the base of support
165
Provide an example to show the presence of the line of gravity
swimmers on the diving block bend forward which moves the line of gravity to the edge of the base of support lessening force required to execute the dive
166
What is the base of support?
Imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when it is in contact with a surface
167
What can increase the base of support
Moving feet apart
168
Provide an example to show the use of the base of support
Wrester widening their base of support to prevent opponent from moving into a disadvantageous position
169
What are fluid mechanics? ( possible 2 definitions )
Branch of mechanics concerned with properties of gases and liquids
Forces that operate in water or air environments which affect movement through water
170
What is a buoyant force?
Upward force of an object produced by the fluid in which it is fully or partially submerged
171
What is floatation?
Maintaining a stationary position on the surface of the water
172
Define the centre of buoyancy
Centre of gravity of a volume of water displaced by an object when it is immersed in that water
173
What happens when a body is fully submerged
Centre of buoyancy falls directly above the swimmers centre of gravity
174
What happens during an attempt to float
gravity pulls the body downwards whilst the buoyant force will push the chest and upper body upwards leading to the body rotating until the centre of mass lies directly below the centre of buoyancy
175
What is drag?
Force that opposes the forward motion of abody, reducing its speed or velocity
176
What is lift?
Occurs perpendicular to the flow of the water over the body when swimming
177
What happens when a body or object moves ?
Exerts a force and at the same time experiences a resisting force from that medium
178
List 3 advancement in fluid techniques or technology and explain its effectiveness
1 . Video analysis enables athletes to be filmed from different angles, this allows them to develop better techniques as they can assess their strokes
2. Touch pads are electronic timing devices that create accuracy with recording of athlete time and elimination of human error
3. Swimming tumble turn: can reduce the drag in turning in a race which reduces the time taken to finish the race
179
What is force?
Push pull twist acting on a body
180
What are internal forces..Provide an example
forces developed within the body e.g contraction of a muscle group causing the shortening of joint angle
181
What are exernal forces...provide an example
forces coming from outside the body that act on it in one way or another
e.g gravity preventing object from leaving the ground
182
What needs to be developed to propel your body ?
Power
183
What does newton's first law of motion indicate
If there is no force acted on an object there will be no movement
184
What does newtons second law of motion idnicate
When a mass increases, more force needs to be applied to acquire the same acceleration
185
What does newtons third law indicate... give an example
For every action there is an opposite reaction
| E.gWhen an individual lands in long jump, the knees bend in order to absorb the shock
186
Indicate three ways the body absorbs force and provide an example for each method
Surface Area... someone standing on a foot with stilleto heels will hurt more than a person wearing flat broad heels
Changing impact..boxer turning hi head to receive a glancing blow
Distributing forces...controlled landing by beinding at hips knees and ankles after a somersault to absorb shock
187
How can force be applied to an object
Quantity
Weight
Greater mass = greater force
188
What does the application of quantity to on abject do?
The greater a force.. the greater its acceleration
189
What does the application of weigh to an object do?
if mass is increased the more force is needed to move the object the same distance
190
What does an object with a greater mass require?
More force in order to move them.
191
What are centripetal forces?
Forces directed towards the centre of a rotating body
192
What are centrifugal forces?
Forces directed ouwards
