body fluids and circulation Flashcards
1
Q
pH nature of blood is
A
alkaline
2
Q
plasma constitutes ___% of our blood
A
55%
3
Q
plasma is mostly made up ________ ie. ________%
A
water, 90-92%
4
Q
plasma has a singnificant amout of protein ie____%
A
6-8 %
5
Q
plasma also has _________ in trace amount
A
ions
6
Q
plasmaalso contain ?
A
gasesoxygen and co2
hormones
urea
glucse amino acid lipids
7
Q
plasmahas lipids in ____________ stage
A
transient
8
Q
blood has _____% of formed elements
A
45%
9
Q
other name of
RBC
WBC
platelates
A
erythrocytes
leucocytes
thrombocytes
respectively
10
Q
state all the plasma proteins
A
1 albumin
2 globulin
3 prothrombin
4 fibrinogen
11
Q
what are the function of albumin protein ?
A
to maintain osmotic balance inblood
12
Q
which protein is in abundancein plasma?
A
albumin protein
13
Q
__________ and __________ are the clotting protein present in inactive state
A
fibrinogen and prothrombin
14
Q
types of globulin protein.
A
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
15
Q
gamma globulins are also known as the _____________
A
immunoglobin or antibodies
16
Q
immunoglobin helps in ?
A
defense mechanism
17
Q
serum = plasma - ___________
A
clotting factors ie fibrinogen and prothrombin
18
Q
no of erythroctes in a healthy human is?
A
about 5 to 5.5 milion / mm^3
19
Q
no of erythroctes in a healthy human is?
A
about 5 to 5.5 milion / mm^3
20
Q
___________gms of haemoglobin per ml of blood in a healthy human being .
A
12 to 16 gms/ml
21
Q
explain the shape of rbc .
A
biconcave, disc like and circular
22
Q
erythrocytes are eunucleate which means they do not have __________
A
nucleus
23
Q
why is rbc eunucleate?
A
as entire space is modified for the storage of haemoglobin
24
Q
immature rbcs have ___________
A
nucleus
25
rbcs also lacks __________
cell organelles
26
in early embryonic stage rbc is formed in ?
yolk sac
27
in late embryonic stage rbc formed in?
liver and spleen
28
function of rbc
transportgases like o2 co2 and other gases
29
lifespan of rbc
120 days
30
___________ is the graveyard of rbc
spleen
31
no of leucocytes?
6000-8000/mm^3
32
wbcs are formed from ?
bone marrow
33
two types of wbc are ?
1 agranulocytes
2 granulocytes
34
granulocytes contains _____________
granules
35
name the three cells of granulocytes
1 Neutrophils
2 eosinophils
3 basophils
36
neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte with its percentage being _______%
60-65%
37
eosinophils holds _______% in granulocytes
2-3%
38
basophil is in _____%
0.5-1%
39
describe the nucleus of neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophil
multilobed n 2-5 lobes
headphone shaped
s- shaped
40
neutrophils. are ____________ in nature
phagocytic
41
eosinophils increase during?
helminth infection or during allergic rxn
42
eosinophils. release anti_______ c/a __________ which opposes histamin uring infection
histamin
histaminidase
43
basophils are involved in?
inflamation, redness, swelling
44
basophils contain ?
histamin - vasodilator
serotonin - vasoconstrictor
heparin - anticogulant
45
types of agranulocytes?
monocytes. and lymphocytes
46
largest wbc is ?
monocytes
47
monocytes have ____________ shaped nucleus
kidney /horshoe/ bean shape
48
percentage of monocytes?
6-8%
49
function of monocytes?
phagocytosis
50
lymphocytes have _________ shaped nucleus.
round
51
percentage composition of lymphocytes?
20-25%
52
the two types of lymphocytes?
b-lymphocytes and tlymphocytes
53
both. t and b lymphocytes provide____________
immunity and secrete antibody.
54
no. of platelates in a healthy human is?
1.5-3.5 lakh/mm^3
55
complete the anology related to the thrombocytes
Stem cells forms ______a________ then it undergoes cellular fragmentation to make ________b______ which are irregular in shape filled with ________c__________
a Megakaryocytes
b platelates
c thromboplastin
56
lifespan of platelates is ?
1 week
57
function of thrombocytes ?
blood clotting or coagulation
58
{IMP}
complete analogy regarding coagulation
Injury —> tissue injured —> releases_____a____ —> attracts ____b____ —> induces enzyme c/a ___c____ —> which in turn causes the inactive ___d____ to make active ___e____ under action of Ca ion that again under the same ion converts inactive ____f____ —> to active ____g_____ under ca ions only
a thromboplastin
b platelates
c thrombokinase
d prothrombin
e thrombin
f fibrinogen
g fibrin
59
what is fibrin?
network of thread forms clot
60
two. types of blood grouping are?
ABO grouping
and Rh grouping
61
ABO grouping given by
karl landsteiner
62
write the antigen found on the following rbc’s
A—
B—
AB—
O—
A antigen
B antigen
A and B both antigen
No antigen
63
write the antibodies found in the following rbc’s
A—
B—
AB—
O—
anti-B
anti-A
no antibodies on AB-
both anti-A and anti-B
64
write the antibodies found in the following rbc’s
A—
B—
AB—
O—
anti-B
anti-A
no antibodies on AB-
both anti-A
65
write the donor for the following blood types-
A—
B—
AB—
O—
A & O
B & O
A, B & O
O
66
the universal donor is the __a__ blood type
while
the universal recipient is the __b__ blood type
a O—
b AB—
67
Rh grouping is derived from a factor similar to ones found in “________” monkey
Rhesus
68
Rh is on the surface of the _____
rbc
69
____% population has Rh factor.
80%
70
if
Rh is present then ___ve
&
if
absent then ___ve
+ve
-ve
71
Erythroblastosis foetalis is also c/a-
haemolytic disease of new born
72
EB foetalis is caused due to ?
rh incompatibility
73
anti rh antibody in the rh -ve mother’s body causes incompatibility in the ___ pregnancy
2nd
74
EBfoetalis causes when the mother is rh __ve
-ve
75
how anti rh antibodies of mother enters the body of foetus ?
through placenta directly into blood of foetus
76
HB. foetalis only causes when mother is rh __ ve
father is rh ___ve
and foetus is rh __ve
mother -ve
father +ve
foetus +ve
77
anti. rh antibodies of mothers immune cause the destruction of _______ of the foetus and therefore the foetus experiences __________________________ etc. and many more other disorders
rbc
jaundice, anaemia, damaged neural tissue or even underdeveloped foetus
78
avoidance to EB foetalis done by?
injecting external antibodies to the mother just after 1st delivery and if the baby was actually +ve initially as to avoid contact of other and foetal blood during incetion of umbilical cord as the external antibodies do not stay remembered by the imune system and hence the second pregnancy can be carried out safely
or as the precausionarry level ,the rh -ve women should never consider marrying a rh +ve person especially if they know about it .
79
what is the Lymph
interstitial fluid
80
lymph is formed by filteration of __________ ?
blood
81
lymph lacks?
rbcs, platelates, and macro-protiens
82
lymph = ________ - (macro protiens + rbc + platelates)
blood
83
lymph. is also c/a the ?
middle men between tissue and blood
84
lymphatic system is composed of ?
1 lymphatic capillary
2 lymphatic vessels
3 lymph nodes
4 ofcourse lymph itself
85
the lymphatic capillary is ___________ and ______ is absorbed by it .
lacteal
fat
86
the two types of circulatory system are ?
1 close
2 open
87
mechanism of open c.s
no capillary system seen
blood directly dumped into spaces c/a sinuses
found in arthropods, molluscs, urochordates or tunicates, hemichordata, echinoderms
88
mechanism of closed c.s
capillary network seen here
89
what are the two chambers of the heart ?
1 atrium
2 ventricles
90
describe the types of heart seen tin the following organisms;
1 fish
2 mammals and birds
3 amphibians and reptiles exept crocodile
1– 2 chambered 1 atrium 1 ventricle
2– 4 chambered 2 atria 2 ventricles
3 - 3 chambered 2 atria 1 ventricle
91
what are the types of circulatory systems?
1 single circulation
2 incomplete double circulation
3 double circulation
92
describe the single circulation.
heart pumps —> deoxygenated blood —> gills —> oxygen rich blood —> tissue ~~> deoxygenated blood back to heart
93
the incomplete double circulation is also c/a ?
mixed circulation
94
explain the mechanism of mixed circulation.
deoxygenated blood in RA —> ventricle then oxygenated blood also in the same ventricle
blood gets mixed and hence pumped blood has traces of both
95
double circulation means?
blood goes through the heart twice
96
mechanimsm of double circulation.
lungs—>LA—>LV—>tissue—>RA—>RV—> lungs
97
human circulatory system consists of?
heart and blood vessels
98
heart is a ___________ derived organ
mesodermally
99
humanheart is slightly tilted towards _______
left
100
heart is covered with a double membraneous ______________ membrane
pericardium
101
define the layers of wall of heart.
endocardium(inner)
myocardium(cardiac muscle)
pericardial fluid —> visceral inner and parietal outer
102
hearthave
______ intratrial septum
_______ intraventricular septum
_______ atrio ventricular septum
thin
thin
thick
103
what are the types of AV valves? and their location.
1 tricuspid valve —>RA and RV
2 bicuspid valve —>LA and LV
104
two types of semilunr walls. with location.
Pulmonary —> RV and P artery
Aortic—>LV and Aorta
105
function of chordae tendenae is ?
prevents backward movement of AV valves
106
write the parts of conducting system of the heart.
1san
2 avn
3 bundle of his
4 purkinje fibres
107
what does the conducting system of heart does?
generates the action potential / impulses though it doesnt require any stimulus
108
what is the location of the sino atrial node?
top,right corner of RA
109
what. is the function of san
generates action potential 70-75 times/ min
110
the sino atrial node is also c/a ?
pacemaker of the heart
111
location of the atrio ventricular node?
lower left corner of RA
112
function of avn is?
generates action potential about 60-65 beats /min
113
location of bundle of his?
interventricular septum
114
function of bundle of his?
action pot. about 40-45 /min
115
purkinje fibres location?
ventricular wall
116
function of purkinje fibres?
action pot. about 20-25 times/ min
117
heart contains a special muscle fibres known as _________________ which is also ________________.
nodal tissue
autoexitable
118
complete the anology
SAN—> AVN—>_____—>PF
BOH -bundle of his
119
atrial systole caused by ?
SAN
120
ventricular systole caused by?
PF- ppurkinje fibres
121
atrial systole lasts for?
0.1 sec
122
ventricular systole lasts for?
0.3 sec
123
joint distole is for?
0.4 sec
124
in Atrial systole what % of ventricle is filled?
30%
125
in ventricular systole filling of ________ and _________ takes place .
Aorta and Pulmonary artery
126
the 70% filling of ventricle takes place in the __________?
joint diastole
127
closureof AV valve causes which sound?
Lubb
128
closure of SL valve gives sound?
Dubb
129
1cardiac cycl is of ____ sec
0.8 sec
130
at end of 30% filling of ventricle sound is?
lubb
131
just before joint diastole sound is?
Dubb
132
wkt the Cardiac Cycle has sequential events state them in order.
jd->as->vs
133
as the ventricular pressure rises due VS first __________ and furthur increase presure causes the ____ valves to open
AV closes
SL valves open
134
when blood pumped into aorta and PA ventricular pressure _______ therefore _______ of SL valves and furthur _________ in pressure open the ______ valve
declines
closure
decrease
AV
135
firstheart sound is? due closure of av valve
lubb
136
dubb is the ______ sound due to closure of _____ valve
second
SL
137
cardiac output =?
stroke volume * heart rate
138
what is the cardiac output?
blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
139
what is stroke volume?
blood pumped by each ventricle per beat
140
C.O =?
ml/min
l/ml
5040 ml/min
5 L/min
141
EDV stands for?
end diastole volume
142
amount of blood present in the ventricle after a ________________ is c/a the edv
ventricular diastole
143
volume of edv ?
120 ml
144
ESV Stands for?
end systole volume
145
volume of ESV?
50 ml
146
atheletes have ____ times more cardiac output than normal
5 times out of
147
sv and hr can vary too? true or false?
true
148
ECG stands for?
electro-cardio-graph
149
function of ecg?
used to measure the electrical activity of the heart
150
ecg. obtains a graphical representation c/a?
electro-cardiogram
151
to obtain a standard ecg we neet to connect _________
3 electrodoes one to each wrist and on eto the left ankle
152
other electrodes are connected to the _____ region for furthuremore understanding
chest
153
complet the anology
depolarisation —> ____________ (excitation)
_________________—> diastole ( )
systeole
repolarisation
normal
154
complete the analogy
stimulus—> ____________ state—> _____________ state —> repolarisation
polarised
depolarised
155
what does the p wave represents?
1 atrial depolarisation
2 leads to atrial systole
156
the QRS complex represents_______?
ventricular depolarising
ventricular systole
vs begins right after q wave
157
theT wave represent ?
return of ventricles to relaxed state
repolarisation
158
end of t wave represents ?
ventricular systole
159
in double circulation
blood gets __________ in capillaries of lungs moves to the _____ of heart through _____________ vein then thru _______ valves goes to _______ then through ________ to the tissues get ____________ then moves to ______ through ________ then through _________ enters the ____ through __________ valve and finally then goes through ___________ artery goes to the lungs and same continues
oxygenated
LA
pulmonary
bicuspid
LV
aorta
deoxygenated
RA
superior vena cava
RV
tricuspid
pulmonary
160
double circulation has two parts name them .
pulmonary. circulation and systemic circulation
161
name the path pulmonary circulation involves
RV —> deo2 blood—> p artery —>lungs—>p veins—> LA
162
name the pathways followed by systemic circulation
LV—> o2 rich blood—>Aorta—>body —>deo2 blood—>svc —>ivc —> RV
163
define the pathway of coronary circulation
o2blood to Aorta to coronary artery to heart then deo2 blood to coronary vein to coronary sinuses then to the RA
164
what are the two types of portal circulatory systems?
hepatic portal circulation
hypophyseal portal circulation
165
_______ forms in small intestine goes thru HPV to the ________ to get converted into ______ this cycle is called as kerbs cycle and then the thru HPV urea goes to the ______
a. NH3
b. liver
c. urea
d. heart
166
hypothalamus is also c/a
master of master gland
167
the hypophyseal portal vein carries ___________hormones which acts on the master gland posterior____________
hypothalmic
pitutary
168
the hypophyseal portal vein carries ___________hormones which acts on the master gland posterior____________
hypothalmic
pitutary
169
state the parts of the Artery.
a. Tunica externa——— has collagen, connective tissue and is the outer most layer
b. Tunica media——— thick
c. lumen ——— narrow
d. tunics intima——— SSE
170
state the parts of vein.
a. tunica externa ——— collagen, CT, is the outer most layer of
b. tunica media——— thin
c. lumen——— wide
d. tunica intima
171
veins are ________________ while arteries aredeeply seated
superficial
172
valves are absent in arteries why?
due high blood pressure no risk of backflow of blood
173
capillaries are lined by thin layer of ________________________
simple squamous epithelium
174
the regulation of cardiac activity is by?
nervous system
175
in cns regulations are by?
brain
and
spinal cord
176
in the pns regulations done by?
sns—somatic neural system
and
ans— autonomous neural system
177
the answer furthur has 2 more parts name them.
1 sympathetic NS
2 parasympathetic NS
178
when pns acts on san it release?
Ach
179
Ach acts on SAN to reduce the ?
HR and CO
180
neurons communicate via?
nurotransmitters
181
name some of the nerotransmitters.
dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
ACH
noradrenaline
182
adrenal and nonadrenalins are hormones of ____________ gland and they increase what ?
adrenaline gland
heart rate HR
183
what happens in hypertension or increased BP?
bp is 140/90 which is higher than normal which is 120/80
184
causes. of hypertension are?
poor lifestyle
stress
smoking
etc
185
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Systolic P. Distolic P.
a. blood pumped into | a. blood back to the
Aorta. | heart.
b. presure exerted by | b. pressure of the
blood on walls of. | blood on wall of
artery during systole. | artery in distole.
186
120/80 nr shows ___________ pressure.
while the dr shows _____________ pressure.
systolic
distolic
187
other name of coronary artery disease?
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
188
_________, ___________ and fat and fibres etc deposits inside the lumen of coronry artery causes the insufficient _________ supply
calcium
cholestrol
blood
189
theother name for Acute chest pain is?
Angina pectoris
190
acute chest pain is caused by?
insufficient o2 supply
191
thelow o2 supply is c/a?
ischemia
192
anginapectoris occurs in which age?
commonly in middle aged and elderly people but can occure in any age group tho
193
angina pectoris can be due CAD?
yes
194
Heart attack is also c/a?
myocardial infraction
195
heart. atack occures when heart doesnt receive right or sufficient amount of _______.
blood, hence the cardiac muscle gradually die
196
heart failure occurs when heart doesnot___________ enough ________ to meet the ____________ of the body
pump
blood
demands
197
other name of heart failure
known as “Congestive heart failure”
198
congestion in lungs lead to accumulation of ___________ in lungs.
fluid
199
fluid in lungs causes?
heart failure
200
cardiac arrest is the complete __________ of__________
stoppage of heart beat
