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human physiology > body fluids and circulation > Flashcards

body fluids and circulation Flashcards

1
Q

pH nature of blood is

A

alkaline

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2
Q

plasma constitutes ___% of our blood

A

55%

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3
Q

plasma is mostly made up ________ ie. ________%

A

water, 90-92%

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4
Q

plasma has a singnificant amout of protein ie____%

A

6-8 %

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5
Q

plasma also has _________ in trace amount

A

ions

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6
Q

plasmaalso contain ?

A

gasesoxygen and co2
hormones
urea
glucse amino acid lipids

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7
Q

plasmahas lipids in ____________ stage

A

transient

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8
Q

blood has _____% of formed elements

A

45%

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9
Q

other name of
RBC
WBC
platelates

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
thrombocytes
respectively

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10
Q

state all the plasma proteins

A

1 albumin
2 globulin
3 prothrombin
4 fibrinogen

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11
Q

what are the function of albumin protein ?

A

to maintain osmotic balance inblood

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12
Q

which protein is in abundancein plasma?

A

albumin protein

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13
Q

__________ and __________ are the clotting protein present in inactive state

A

fibrinogen and prothrombin

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14
Q

types of globulin protein.

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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15
Q

gamma globulins are also known as the _____________

A

immunoglobin or antibodies

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16
Q

immunoglobin helps in ?

A

defense mechanism

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17
Q

serum = plasma - ___________

A

clotting factors ie fibrinogen and prothrombin

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18
Q

no of erythroctes in a healthy human is?

A

about 5 to 5.5 milion / mm^3

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19
Q

no of erythroctes in a healthy human is?

A

about 5 to 5.5 milion / mm^3

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20
Q

___________gms of haemoglobin per ml of blood in a healthy human being .

A

12 to 16 gms/ml

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21
Q

explain the shape of rbc .

A

biconcave, disc like and circular

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22
Q

erythrocytes are eunucleate which means they do not have __________

A

nucleus

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23
Q

why is rbc eunucleate?

A

as entire space is modified for the storage of haemoglobin

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24
Q

immature rbcs have ___________

A

nucleus

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25
Q

rbcs also lacks __________

A

cell organelles

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26
Q

in early embryonic stage rbc is formed in ?

A

yolk sac

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27
Q

in late embryonic stage rbc formed in?

A

liver and spleen

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28
Q

function of rbc

A

transportgases like o2 co2 and other gases

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29
Q

lifespan of rbc

A

120 days

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30
Q

___________ is the graveyard of rbc

A

spleen

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31
Q

no of leucocytes?

A

6000-8000/mm^3

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32
Q

wbcs are formed from ?

A

bone marrow

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33
Q

two types of wbc are ?

A

1 agranulocytes
2 granulocytes

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34
Q

granulocytes contains _____________

A

granules

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35
Q

name the three cells of granulocytes

A

1 Neutrophils
2 eosinophils
3 basophils

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36
Q

neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte with its percentage being _______%

A

60-65%

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37
Q

eosinophils holds _______% in granulocytes

A

2-3%

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38
Q

basophil is in _____%

A

0.5-1%

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39
Q

describe the nucleus of neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophil

A

multilobed n 2-5 lobes
headphone shaped
s- shaped

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40
Q

neutrophils. are ____________ in nature

A

phagocytic

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41
Q

eosinophils increase during?

A

helminth infection or during allergic rxn

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42
Q

eosinophils. release anti_______ c/a __________ which opposes histamin uring infection

A

histamin
histaminidase

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43
Q

basophils are involved in?

A

inflamation, redness, swelling

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44
Q

basophils contain ?

A

histamin - vasodilator
serotonin - vasoconstrictor
heparin - anticogulant

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45
Q

types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes. and lymphocytes

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46
Q

largest wbc is ?

A

monocytes

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47
Q

monocytes have ____________ shaped nucleus

A

kidney /horshoe/ bean shape

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48
Q

percentage of monocytes?

A

6-8%

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49
Q

function of monocytes?

A

phagocytosis

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50
Q

lymphocytes have _________ shaped nucleus.

A

round

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51
Q

percentage composition of lymphocytes?

A

20-25%

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52
Q

the two types of lymphocytes?

A

b-lymphocytes and tlymphocytes

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53
Q

both. t and b lymphocytes provide____________

A

immunity and secrete antibody.

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54
Q

no. of platelates in a healthy human is?

A

1.5-3.5 lakh/mm^3

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55
Q

complete the anology related to the thrombocytes

Stem cells forms ______a________ then it undergoes cellular fragmentation to make ________b______ which are irregular in shape filled with ________c__________

A

a Megakaryocytes
b platelates
c thromboplastin

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56
Q

lifespan of platelates is ?

A

1 week

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57
Q

function of thrombocytes ?

A

blood clotting or coagulation

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58
Q

{IMP}

complete analogy regarding coagulation

Injury —> tissue injured —> releases_____a____ —> attracts ____b____ —> induces enzyme c/a ___c____ —> which in turn causes the inactive ___d____ to make active ___e____ under action of Ca ion that again under the same ion converts inactive ____f____ —> to active ____g_____ under ca ions only

A

a thromboplastin
b platelates
c thrombokinase
d prothrombin
e thrombin
f fibrinogen
g fibrin

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59
Q

what is fibrin?

A

network of thread forms clot

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60
Q

two. types of blood grouping are?

A

ABO grouping
and Rh grouping

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61
Q

ABO grouping given by

A

karl landsteiner

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62
Q

write the antigen found on the following rbc’s
A—
B—
AB—
O—

A

A antigen
B antigen
A and B both antigen
No antigen

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63
Q

write the antibodies found in the following rbc’s

A—
B—
AB—
O—

A

anti-B
anti-A
no antibodies on AB-
both anti-A and anti-B

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64
Q

write the antibodies found in the following rbc’s

A—
B—
AB—
O—

A

anti-B
anti-A
no antibodies on AB-
both anti-A

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65
Q

write the donor for the following blood types-

A—
B—
AB—
O—

A

A & O
B & O
A, B & O
O

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66
Q

the universal donor is the __a__ blood type
while
the universal recipient is the __b__ blood type

A

a O—
b AB—

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67
Q

Rh grouping is derived from a factor similar to ones found in “________” monkey

A

Rhesus

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68
Q

Rh is on the surface of the _____

A

rbc

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69
Q

____% population has Rh factor.

A

80%

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70
Q

if
Rh is present then ___ve
&
if
absent then ___ve

A

+ve
-ve

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71
Q

Erythroblastosis foetalis is also c/a-

A

haemolytic disease of new born

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72
Q

EB foetalis is caused due to ?

A

rh incompatibility

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73
Q

anti rh antibody in the rh -ve mother’s body causes incompatibility in the ___ pregnancy

A

2nd

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74
Q

EBfoetalis causes when the mother is rh __ve

A

-ve

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75
Q

how anti rh antibodies of mother enters the body of foetus ?

A

through placenta directly into blood of foetus

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76
Q

HB. foetalis only causes when mother is rh __ ve
father is rh ___ve
and foetus is rh __ve

A

mother -ve
father +ve
foetus +ve

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77
Q

anti. rh antibodies of mothers immune cause the destruction of _______ of the foetus and therefore the foetus experiences __________________________ etc. and many more other disorders

A

rbc
jaundice, anaemia, damaged neural tissue or even underdeveloped foetus

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78
Q

avoidance to EB foetalis done by?

A

injecting external antibodies to the mother just after 1st delivery and if the baby was actually +ve initially as to avoid contact of other and foetal blood during incetion of umbilical cord as the external antibodies do not stay remembered by the imune system and hence the second pregnancy can be carried out safely
or as the precausionarry level ,the rh -ve women should never consider marrying a rh +ve person especially if they know about it .

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79
Q

what is the Lymph

A

interstitial fluid

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80
Q

lymph is formed by filteration of __________ ?

A

blood

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81
Q

lymph lacks?

A

rbcs, platelates, and macro-protiens

82
Q

lymph = ________ - (macro protiens + rbc + platelates)

A

blood

83
Q

lymph. is also c/a the ?

A

middle men between tissue and blood

84
Q

lymphatic system is composed of ?

A

1 lymphatic capillary
2 lymphatic vessels
3 lymph nodes
4 ofcourse lymph itself

85
Q

the lymphatic capillary is ___________ and ______ is absorbed by it .

A

lacteal
fat

86
Q

the two types of circulatory system are ?

A

1 close
2 open

87
Q

mechanism of open c.s

A

no capillary system seen
blood directly dumped into spaces c/a sinuses
found in arthropods, molluscs, urochordates or tunicates, hemichordata, echinoderms

88
Q

mechanism of closed c.s

A

capillary network seen here

89
Q

what are the two chambers of the heart ?

A

1 atrium
2 ventricles

90
Q

describe the types of heart seen tin the following organisms;
1 fish
2 mammals and birds
3 amphibians and reptiles exept crocodile

A

1– 2 chambered 1 atrium 1 ventricle
2– 4 chambered 2 atria 2 ventricles
3 - 3 chambered 2 atria 1 ventricle

91
Q

what are the types of circulatory systems?

A

1 single circulation
2 incomplete double circulation
3 double circulation

92
Q

describe the single circulation.

A

heart pumps —> deoxygenated blood —> gills —> oxygen rich blood —> tissue ~~> deoxygenated blood back to heart

93
Q

the incomplete double circulation is also c/a ?

A

mixed circulation

94
Q

explain the mechanism of mixed circulation.

A

deoxygenated blood in RA —> ventricle then oxygenated blood also in the same ventricle
blood gets mixed and hence pumped blood has traces of both

95
Q

double circulation means?

A

blood goes through the heart twice

96
Q

mechanimsm of double circulation.

A

lungs—>LA—>LV—>tissue—>RA—>RV—> lungs

97
Q

human circulatory system consists of?

A

heart and blood vessels

98
Q

heart is a ___________ derived organ

A

mesodermally

99
Q

humanheart is slightly tilted towards _______

A

left

100
Q

heart is covered with a double membraneous ______________ membrane

A

pericardium

101
Q

define the layers of wall of heart.

A

endocardium(inner)
myocardium(cardiac muscle)
pericardial fluid —> visceral inner and parietal outer

102
Q

hearthave
______ intratrial septum
_______ intraventricular septum
_______ atrio ventricular septum

A

thin
thin
thick

103
Q

what are the types of AV valves? and their location.

A

1 tricuspid valve —>RA and RV
2 bicuspid valve —>LA and LV

104
Q

two types of semilunr walls. with location.

A

Pulmonary —> RV and P artery
Aortic—>LV and Aorta

105
Q

function of chordae tendenae is ?

A

prevents backward movement of AV valves

106
Q

write the parts of conducting system of the heart.

A

1san
2 avn
3 bundle of his
4 purkinje fibres

107
Q

what does the conducting system of heart does?

A

generates the action potential / impulses though it doesnt require any stimulus

108
Q

what is the location of the sino atrial node?

A

top,right corner of RA

109
Q

what. is the function of san

A

generates action potential 70-75 times/ min

110
Q

the sino atrial node is also c/a ?

A

pacemaker of the heart

111
Q

location of the atrio ventricular node?

A

lower left corner of RA

112
Q

function of avn is?

A

generates action potential about 60-65 beats /min

113
Q

location of bundle of his?

A

interventricular septum

114
Q

function of bundle of his?

A

action pot. about 40-45 /min

115
Q

purkinje fibres location?

A

ventricular wall

116
Q

function of purkinje fibres?

A

action pot. about 20-25 times/ min

117
Q

heart contains a special muscle fibres known as _________________ which is also ________________.

A

nodal tissue
autoexitable

118
Q

complete the anology
SAN—> AVN—>_____—>PF

A

BOH -bundle of his

119
Q

atrial systole caused by ?

A

SAN

120
Q

ventricular systole caused by?

A

PF- ppurkinje fibres

121
Q

atrial systole lasts for?

A

0.1 sec

122
Q

ventricular systole lasts for?

A

0.3 sec

123
Q

joint distole is for?

A

0.4 sec

124
Q

in Atrial systole what % of ventricle is filled?

A

30%

125
Q

in ventricular systole filling of ________ and _________ takes place .

A

Aorta and Pulmonary artery

126
Q

the 70% filling of ventricle takes place in the __________?

A

joint diastole

127
Q

closureof AV valve causes which sound?

A

Lubb

128
Q

closure of SL valve gives sound?

A

Dubb

129
Q

1cardiac cycl is of ____ sec

A

0.8 sec

130
Q

at end of 30% filling of ventricle sound is?

A

lubb

131
Q

just before joint diastole sound is?

A

Dubb

132
Q

wkt the Cardiac Cycle has sequential events state them in order.

A

jd->as->vs

133
Q

as the ventricular pressure rises due VS first __________ and furthur increase presure causes the ____ valves to open

A

AV closes
SL valves open

134
Q

when blood pumped into aorta and PA ventricular pressure _______ therefore _______ of SL valves and furthur _________ in pressure open the ______ valve

A

declines
closure
decrease
AV

135
Q

firstheart sound is? due closure of av valve

A

lubb

136
Q

dubb is the ______ sound due to closure of _____ valve

A

second
SL

137
Q

cardiac output =?

A

stroke volume * heart rate

138
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

139
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

blood pumped by each ventricle per beat

140
Q

C.O =?
ml/min
l/ml

A

5040 ml/min
5 L/min

141
Q

EDV stands for?

A

end diastole volume

142
Q

amount of blood present in the ventricle after a ________________ is c/a the edv

A

ventricular diastole

143
Q

volume of edv ?

A

120 ml

144
Q

ESV Stands for?

A

end systole volume

145
Q

volume of ESV?

A

50 ml

146
Q

atheletes have ____ times more cardiac output than normal

A

5 times out of

147
Q

sv and hr can vary too? true or false?

A

true

148
Q

ECG stands for?

A

electro-cardio-graph

149
Q

function of ecg?

A

used to measure the electrical activity of the heart

150
Q

ecg. obtains a graphical representation c/a?

A

electro-cardiogram

151
Q

to obtain a standard ecg we neet to connect _________

A

3 electrodoes one to each wrist and on eto the left ankle

152
Q

other electrodes are connected to the _____ region for furthuremore understanding

A

chest

153
Q

complet the anology
depolarisation —> ____________ (excitation)
_________________—> diastole ( )

A

systeole
repolarisation
normal

154
Q

complete the analogy
stimulus—> ____________ state—> _____________ state —> repolarisation

A

polarised
depolarised

155
Q

what does the p wave represents?

A

1 atrial depolarisation
2 leads to atrial systole

156
Q

the QRS complex represents_______?

A

ventricular depolarising
ventricular systole
vs begins right after q wave

157
Q

theT wave represent ?

A

return of ventricles to relaxed state
repolarisation

158
Q

end of t wave represents ?

A

ventricular systole

159
Q

in double circulation
blood gets __________ in capillaries of lungs moves to the _____ of heart through _____________ vein then thru _______ valves goes to _______ then through ________ to the tissues get ____________ then moves to ______ through ________ then through _________ enters the ____ through __________ valve and finally then goes through ___________ artery goes to the lungs and same continues

A

oxygenated
LA
pulmonary
bicuspid
LV
aorta
deoxygenated
RA
superior vena cava
RV
tricuspid
pulmonary

160
Q

double circulation has two parts name them .

A

pulmonary. circulation and systemic circulation

161
Q

name the path pulmonary circulation involves

A

RV —> deo2 blood—> p artery —>lungs—>p veins—> LA

162
Q

name the pathways followed by systemic circulation

A

LV—> o2 rich blood—>Aorta—>body —>deo2 blood—>svc —>ivc —> RV

163
Q

define the pathway of coronary circulation

A

o2blood to Aorta to coronary artery to heart then deo2 blood to coronary vein to coronary sinuses then to the RA

164
Q

what are the two types of portal circulatory systems?

A

hepatic portal circulation
hypophyseal portal circulation

165
Q

_______ forms in small intestine goes thru HPV to the ________ to get converted into ______ this cycle is called as kerbs cycle and then the thru HPV urea goes to the ______

A

a. NH3
b. liver
c. urea
d. heart

166
Q

hypothalamus is also c/a

A

master of master gland

167
Q

the hypophyseal portal vein carries ___________hormones which acts on the master gland posterior____________

A

hypothalmic
pitutary

168
Q

the hypophyseal portal vein carries ___________hormones which acts on the master gland posterior____________

A

hypothalmic
pitutary

169
Q

state the parts of the Artery.

A

a. Tunica externa——— has collagen, connective tissue and is the outer most layer
b. Tunica media——— thick
c. lumen ——— narrow
d. tunics intima——— SSE

170
Q

state the parts of vein.

A

a. tunica externa ——— collagen, CT, is the outer most layer of
b. tunica media——— thin
c. lumen——— wide
d. tunica intima

171
Q

veins are ________________ while arteries aredeeply seated

A

superficial

172
Q

valves are absent in arteries why?

A

due high blood pressure no risk of backflow of blood

173
Q

capillaries are lined by thin layer of ________________________

A

simple squamous epithelium

174
Q

the regulation of cardiac activity is by?

A

nervous system

175
Q

in cns regulations are by?

A

brain
and
spinal cord

176
Q

in the pns regulations done by?

A

sns—somatic neural system
and
ans— autonomous neural system

177
Q

the answer furthur has 2 more parts name them.

A

1 sympathetic NS
2 parasympathetic NS

178
Q

when pns acts on san it release?

A

Ach

179
Q

Ach acts on SAN to reduce the ?

A

HR and CO

180
Q

neurons communicate via?

A

nurotransmitters

181
Q

name some of the nerotransmitters.

A

dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
ACH
noradrenaline

182
Q

adrenal and nonadrenalins are hormones of ____________ gland and they increase what ?

A

adrenaline gland
heart rate HR

183
Q

what happens in hypertension or increased BP?

A

bp is 140/90 which is higher than normal which is 120/80

184
Q

causes. of hypertension are?

A

poor lifestyle
stress
smoking
etc

185
Q

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Systolic P. Distolic P.
a. blood pumped into | a. blood back to the
Aorta. | heart.
b. presure exerted by | b. pressure of the
blood on walls of. | blood on wall of
artery during systole. | artery in distole.

186
Q

120/80 nr shows ___________ pressure.
while the dr shows _____________ pressure.

A

systolic
distolic

187
Q

other name of coronary artery disease?

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

188
Q

_________, ___________ and fat and fibres etc deposits inside the lumen of coronry artery causes the insufficient _________ supply

A

calcium
cholestrol
blood

189
Q

theother name for Acute chest pain is?

A

Angina pectoris

190
Q

acute chest pain is caused by?

A

insufficient o2 supply

191
Q

thelow o2 supply is c/a?

A

ischemia

192
Q

anginapectoris occurs in which age?

A

commonly in middle aged and elderly people but can occure in any age group tho

193
Q

angina pectoris can be due CAD?

A

yes

194
Q

Heart attack is also c/a?

A

myocardial infraction

195
Q

heart. atack occures when heart doesnt receive right or sufficient amount of _______.

A

blood, hence the cardiac muscle gradually die

196
Q

heart failure occurs when heart doesnot___________ enough ________ to meet the ____________ of the body

A

pump
blood
demands

197
Q

other name of heart failure

A

known as “Congestive heart failure”

198
Q

congestion in lungs lead to accumulation of ___________ in lungs.

A

fluid

199
Q

fluid in lungs causes?

A

heart failure

200
Q

cardiac arrest is the complete __________ of__________

A

stoppage of heart beat

human physiology (4 decks)

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