Body Fluids Flashcards by Marc-Olivier Lemay

Q

Fundamental principle of physiology?

A

At all levels of organisation, functional activities are directed at maintaining homeostasis

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Q

Characteristics of the ‘‘milieu intérieur’’?

A

Different from external environment, relatively constant under conditions of health

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Q

Most abundant single constituant of the body?

A

Water

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Q

Percentage of body water?

A

45 to 75%

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Q

Water is the medium in which…

A

solutes are dissolved, metabolic reactions take place

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Q

What accounts for the variations in body water between individuals?

A

Proportion of body fat

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Q

Physiological reference individual :

A

21 y/o 70kg white male

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Q

Someone who has more fat will have

A

a lower percentage in body water

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Q

Someone who has less fat will have

A

a higher percentage in body water

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Q

Body water percentage is important for

A

administering water-soluble medication

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Q

Body water is exchanged

A

between an individual and its environment AND internally between compartments

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Q

Water intake (oral fluid)

A

1.2 L

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Q

Water intake (food)

A

1.1 L

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Q

Water intake (from metabolism)

A

0.4 L

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Q

Water output (lungs+skin) can be referred to as

A

insensible output

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Q

Water output (lungs+skin+kidneys+stool) can be reffered to as

A

obligatory losses

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Q

Obligatory water losses

A

1.5 L

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Q

Normal water intake

A

2.7 L

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Q

Facultative water losses vary with…

A

water intake

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Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Pure water

A

Insensible perspiration

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Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Passive evaporation

A

Insensible perspiration

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Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Entire skin surface

A

Insensible perspiration

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Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Continuous

A

Insensible perspiration

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Q

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating)

Electrolyte solution

A

Sweating

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(Insensible perspiration vs sweating) | Active secretion

Sweating

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating) | Sweat glands

Sweating

(Insensible perspiration vs sweating) | Heavy work/high temps

Sweating

Water turnover over 24h (adult)

3-4%

Water turnover over 24h (baby)

10%

Constant water volume helps maintain

Normal solute concentrations, normal blood volume and pressure

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Reduced intake

Negative balance

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Excessive loss from gut

Negative balance

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Excessive sweating

Negative balance

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Excessive loss in expired air (dry air at high altitudes)

Negative balance

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Excessive loss in urine

Negative balance

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Excessive intake

Intoxication

(Negative water balance vs water intoxication) | Renal system failure

Intoxication

Can body water compartments exchange water freely between them?

Yes

What are the two majors body compartments?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluids (ECF)

What fraction of body water does ICF hold?

2/3

What fraction of body water does ECF hold?

1/3

What are the two minor subcompartments?

Interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma

What percentage of body water does ISF hold?

15%

What percentage of body water does plasma hold?

5%

What are the two minor subcompartments and how much of ECF do they account for?

Lymph (1-2%) and transcellular fluid (<1-2%)

What is plasma?

The medium in which RBCs are suspended

What is an hematocrit (Ht)?

% of blood volume occupied by RBCs

What is the packed cell volume linked to?

Hematocrit

Normal hematocrit value?

45%

What is the true ''milieu intérieur''?

ISF

What does the lymphatic network filter?

ISF

Where does the lymphatic network converge?

Large veins of the chest

What kind of cells line the cavities in which transcellular fluids are secreted?

Epithelial cells

Do transcellular fluids have specialized functions?

Yes

What is the common method to determine the volume of body water compartments?

The indicator dilution method

What is the formula linked to the indicator dilution method?

V=Q/c

The four characteristics that lead to an indicator choice (indicator dilution method)?

Non-toxic, diffuses evenly, induce no change in distribution of water, easy to mesure

Indicator choice for volume of total body water?

Antipyrine, D2O, T2O

Indicator choice for volume of ECF?

Inulin, sucrose, mannitol

Indicator choice for volume of plasma?

Evan's Blue

Two membranes an indicator has to pass through to reach the ICF (in order)?

Capillary wall, cell membrane

What do we have to account for when using the indicator dilution method in a clinical situation?

Amount of substance removed by metabolism and excretion

What do body fluids mainly consist of?

Aqueous solutions of inorganic ions with variable amounts of proteins

ICF is rich in which ions?

K+ and Mg2+

ECF is rich in which ions?

Na+ and Cl-

What is the concentration of plasma/ISF in NaCl?

0.9% (dilute sea water?)

What are the 3 artificial physiological solutions by croissant degree of complexity?

Physiological saline, Ringer's solution, Locke-Ringer solution

Viability of cells depends on…

Relative constancy of the internal environment and exchanges with the internal and (ultimately) the external environment