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PHGY 209 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the Fundamental Principal in Physiology?

A

At all level of organization, functional activities are directed at maintaining HOMEOSTASIS (the relative constancy of the MILIEU INTERIEUR)

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2
Q

Who coined the term ‘‘Milieu interieur’’ and what characteristics did he find?

A

Claude Bernard

  1. The environment surrounding individual cell is vastly different from the EXTERNAL environment.
  2. The INTERNAL environment remains relatively constant under conditions of health
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3
Q

The Milieu Interieur includes various body fluids. Name the aspects that composes body fluids.

A

Volume
Distribution
Characteristics
Functions

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4
Q

Which fluid is the most abundant constituent of the body?

A

Water ranging from 45% to 75%

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5
Q

What happens in body water?

A
  • Solutes are dissolved
  • Metabolic reactions take place
  • Transfer of nutrients and oxygen around the body
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6
Q

Name body water key functions

A
  • Moistens tissues (mouth, eyes and nose)
  • Protects body organs and tissues
  • Helps prevent constipation
  • Helps dissolve minerals and other nutrients to make them accessible
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Lubricates joints
  • Flushes out waste products (helps lessen burden on kidneys and liver)
  • Carries nutrients and O2 to cells
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7
Q

What % of Water do we find in the following tissues:
- Skin
- Muscle
- Heart, liver, brain, kidney
- Bone
- Fat

A
  • Skin: 70%
  • Muscle: 75%
  • Heart, liver, brain, kidney: 70%
  • Bone: 25%
  • Fat: 10%
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8
Q

How can we determine the differentiation in Total Body Mass between individuals?

A

By looking at the Total Body Water which is determined by the amount of adipose tissue an individual has.

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9
Q

How much is the Total Body Water in an individual who has high adipose tissue vs low adipose tissue?

A

Total Body Water is inversely proportional to adipose tissue.

Therefore: High adipose tissue = low Total Body Water and Low adipose tissue = High Total Body Water

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10
Q

What happens to the difference in Total Body Water between individuals if we look at their Lean Body Mass?

A

As we’re excluding fat, the differences between individuals become insignificant.

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11
Q

What are standard values for a Physiological Reference Individual

A
  • 21yr, white male, 70kg
  • 60% Body Water
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12
Q

What happens to body water as we age?

A

Body water decreases as we age because we lose muscle tissue and it gets replaced by connective tissue which is drier.

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13
Q

What is the formula to calculate body water?

A

Absolute amount of water (L)=mass(kg)xBW%

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14
Q

Why is it important to know the amount of body water percentage?

A

Because it is necessary when administering water-soluble medication.

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15
Q

What is the formula to calculate the final concentration of medication on the body based on weight and absolute body water (how do you find it)?

A
  1. Find absolute water in L and convert to ml. Water(L)=mass(kg)xBW%=Water(ml)
  2. Final concentration=mass of meds(mg)/Water(ml)
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16
Q

How can we consider ourselves physiologically in health?

A

When body water remains constant, in a dynamic steady state between:
- The individual and the external environment
- Different compartments internally

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17
Q

How do we maintain water balance in our body?

A

When Total Fluid Intake = Total Fluid Output

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18
Q

How much is our Total Fluid Intake and by what is it composed?

A

Oral Fluid: 1.2L
Oral Intake as food: 1.2L
Oxidative water from metabolism: 0.4L
Total: 2.7L

19
Q

How much is our Total Fluid Output and by what is it composed and which are sensible?

A

Insensible
Lungs: 0.4L
Skin: 0.5L

Sensible
Kidneys (urine): 0.5L (1.2L facultative)
Stool (feces): 0.1L

Total=2.7L

20
Q

Describe the main differences between Obligatory losses vs. Facultative losses.

A

Obligatory losses: Required 1.5L loss of water/day through lungs, skins, urine and stool

Facultative losses: Vary with intake via urine and is necessary to maintain balance (kidney is key homeostatic balance for water)

21
Q

Describe the differences between Insensible perspiration and Sweating.

A

Insensible perspiration: Passive evaporation of pure water via entire skin surface continuous and obligatory.

Sweating: Active secretion (energy dependent) via sweat glands that is activated by heavy work or high temperatures

22
Q

What is water turnover?

A

The amount of water coming in and out of the body.

23
Q

How much is water turnover in an adult and in a child?

A

Adult: 3-4% of Total Body Weight

Child: Around 10% of Total Body Weight

24
Q

We know that body water is constant under conditions of health. What does this helps maintain?

A

Normal solute concentrations

Normal blood volume and pressure

Leading to adequate supply of O2 to tissues

25
Q

When does a negative water balance happen?

A

When water loss is greater than water intake.

26
Q

What factors can contribute to a negative water balance?

A

Reduced intake

Excessive loss from gut

Excessive Sweating

Excessive loss in expired air

Excessive loss in urine

27
Q

Summarize water intoxication.

A

Excessive intake of water can lead to Renal System Failure

Hyponatremia (low lvl Na+ due to too much water)

28
Q

How many body water compartments are there (total) and name them?

A

2 major compartments: ECF and ICF

29
Q

Assuming Total Body Water (TBW) is 60% of Body Mass: What is the proportion of ICF and ECF of Body Mass?

A

ICF: 40% of Body Mass

ECF 20% of Body Mass

30
Q

What are the Major and Minor subcompartments of ECF Major compartment?

A

2 Major:

Plasma
Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

2 Minor:

Lymph
Transcellular Fluid

31
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid medium in which blood cells are suspended.

32
Q

What is Hematocrit (Ht), how do you calculate it and what is the normal value?

A

it is a % of Blood Volume that is occupied by Red Blood Cells.

Ht = Height of erythrocyte column/Height of whole blood column

Normale value = 45%

33
Q

Knowing ECF’s Body Mass %: What is the Body Mass % of ISF and Plasma?

A

ISF=15%

Plasma=5%

34
Q

What is the Interstitial Fluid?

A

The true Milieu interieur. it is the fluid which percolates between individual cells.

35
Q

What is Transcellular Fluid and does it affect body fluid balance?

A

It is an aggregate of small fluid volumes secreted by specific epithelial cells that line some body cavities and have specialized functions.

It does not affect body fluid balance

36
Q

What are 3 rules of Body Fluid?

A
  1. Total volumes remains CONSTANT.
  2. Relative Distribution between compartments remain CONSTANT
  3. Compartments are in a state of DYNAMIC equilibrium
37
Q

With which methods can we determine compartment volumes?

A
  1. Direct (V=Pi x r^2 x h)
  2. Indirect (Indicator Dilution Method)
38
Q

What do we need to know for the Indicator Dilution Method and what is the equation for it?

A
  1. The TOTAL QUANTITY of test substance introduced
  2. The CONCENTRATION of the substance/unit volume of fluid, after dispersion

V=Q(quantity)/c(concentration)

39
Q

How do we choose the Indicator?

A
  1. It has to be non-toxic
  2. Diffuses readily and distribute evenly throughout compartments
  3. Induce no changes in distribution of water
  4. Easy to measure its concentration
40
Q

What can be used as an indicator for Total Body Water Measurement and why?

A

Indicators: Antipyrine, D2O or T2O

Because these molecules are able to go through the Capillary walls and Cell membrane

41
Q

What can be used as an indicator for Total ECF Measurement and why?

A

Indicators: Inulin, Sucrose or Mannitol

Because these molecules are able to go though Capillary walls but not through Cellular membrane

42
Q

What can be used as an indicator for Plasma Volume Measurement and why?

A

Indicators: Evans’ Blue or I131-Albumin

Because these molecules can’t go through Capillary walls

43
Q

What are Body Fluids - Ionic Composition of ICF and ECF (ISF+Plasma)?

A

ICF: High in K+ and Mg 2+
Low in in Na+ and Cl-

ECF: High in Na+ and Cl-
Low in K+

44
Q

What Artificial Physiological Solution can act as a substitute for Plasma/ISF?

A

Physiological Saline: 0.9% NaCl
9g NaCl + H2O for 1L

PHGY 209 (3 decks)

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