Body Fluids

Question 1

About CSF

Answer 1

Surround brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Functions as: support and protections, Control environment for nutrient delivery, intra and extra cerebral transport

Question 2

CSF Tubes and where they go

Answer 2

1: Chemistry and serology
2: Microbio
3: hematology
4: extra or to cytology

Question 3

CSF Lab examination

Answer 3

clear/colorless
cloudy can be infection or debris
traumatic tap or hemorrhage
Xanthrochromia is an old bleed

Question 4

CSF biochem marker

Answer 4

Glucose and protein
Lactate and glutamine (done rarely now)
Centrifuge even if normal appearance
Typical done on tube 1

Question 5

Glucose in CSF

Answer 5

Enters CSF through facultative transport (gradient process)
60-70% of CSF
increased CSF levels not clinically sig. Confirms hyperglycemia
Decrease caused by Discorder in transport, active metabolism by organisms or the CNS itself
Active metabolism also tends to increase lactate levels

Question 6

Protein in CSF

Answer 6

Decreases in: Decrease of dialysis of plasma proteins, increase protein loss, leakage from tear in the barrier. beta Transferrin shows tears
Increased in: lysis of contaminated blood, permeability of the epithelial membrane or increase production or obstruction.

Question 7

CSF serum albumin index

Answer 7

CSF albumin/serum albumin. <9 indicates intact blood brain barrier.

calculates IgG index. MS most common demyelonating disease
(CSF IgG/Serum IgG)/(csf alb/serum alb)

Increases in serum albumin increase serum levels. increase CSF IgG w/o CSF albuimin suggests MS/SSPE

Question 8

Serous fluids

Answer 8

Effusion: accumulation of serous fluid
Trasudate: systemic disorders disrupt fluid filtration, reabsorption or both
Exudate: inflam process damaging blood vessel walls, body cavity membrane dmg or decrease reabsorption

Question 9

Pleural Fluid

Answer 9

Outer layer of pleural space, served by systemic circulation
visceral layer served by bronchial circulation
Ultrafiltration of plasma through parietal layer
exits by draining into the lymphatic system

Question 10

Define Thoracentesis

Answer 10

Pleural fluid removed. Used in: Cultures, hematology, chemistry, cytology

Question 11

Pleural fluid transudates

Answer 11

Secondary to remote systemic pathologies
biochemical and cellular abnormalities
examples: hypoprotenemia due to malnutrition

Question 12

Pleural fluid Exudates

Answer 12

Primary involvement of pleural and lungs
Immediate attention
example: infection mediated through the membranes allowing increased fluid entry to the pleural space.

Question 13

Pericardial fluid

Answer 13

Pericardium, pericardial fluid and heart
effusions almost always exudates

Question 14

Peritoneal fluid

Answer 14

Excess causes ascites.
Also called acites fluid
Primary pathology causes exudate
most common transudate: portal hypertension
Most common exudate: metastic ovarian, prostate, colon cancers
PMN count >250 = peritonitis

Question 15

Amniotic fluid

Answer 15

Surrounds fetus during gestation
Source: transmutation across fetal skin, baby pee (fetal urination and swallowing. gross.)
continuous contact with fetal GI tract, buccal cavity, and lungs

Question 16

Amniocentesis

Answer 16

Checking fluid for congenital disease, neural tube defects, hemolytic disease of the fetus, fetal pulmonary developement

Question 17

sweat

Answer 17

Only useful test is for cystic fibrosis
>60mmol/l considered positive
Affected by hydration levels

Question 18

Synovial fluid

Answer 18

In joints
Rich in Hyaluronic acid which makes it viscous.
joint lubricant, and transport for nutrients and cell waste

Question 19

Classification of synovial fluids

Answer 19

Category Visual Viscosity muclin clot cell count other
Norm c/c High good <150 WBCs
noninflam y/s.cl decreased fair <=1k WBC
inflam w/cl absent poor <100k WBCs
Septic w-g/cl absent poor 50-200k WBCs cultures