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PHGY 209 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What are organizational, functional activities directed at maintaining

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

The relative constancy of the milieu interieur

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3
Q

What are the aspects of body fluids

A

Volume, distribution, characteristics, functions

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4
Q

What is the most abundant constituent of the body and what is its percentage range

A

Water 45%-75%

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5
Q

Body water is the medium in which…

A

All solutes are dissolved
Metabolic reactions take place

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6
Q

What is the relationship between fat and water percentage

A

The more adipose tissue in body, the smaller the percentage of body water is

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7
Q

If body water content is computed as a fraction of lean body mass (excluding fat) how can we describe the differences between individuals

A

Insignificant

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8
Q

The standard values for a physiological reference individual is a 21 year old white male with 70 kg weight, what must we adjust for

A

Age, sex and weight

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9
Q

What are the variations in body water with age and sex

A

Newborn: 75%, low fat
Adult: 50% women 60% male, puberty and estrogen deposited fat in breasts and butt causes difference
Old: 50% man 45% woman as we age we lose muscle mass

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10
Q

How to calculate amount of water in a person

A

Percent water * weight / 100

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11
Q

What is necessary to know when administering water-soluble medication

A

Amount of body water

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12
Q

What kind of state is water in in order to maintain constant for health

A

Dynamic steady state

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13
Q

What are examples of water intake

A

Oral fluid, oral intake as food, oxidative water form metabolism (breakdown of glucose)

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14
Q

What are examples of water output

A

Lungs, skin, kidneys, stool

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15
Q

What is insensible output and what are some examples

A

Water output we are unable to feel (lungs and skin)

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16
Q

What is sensible output and what are some examples

A

Water loss that we can feel (kidneys aka pee and stool aka feces)

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17
Q

What are obligatory losses

A

Insensible (lungs and skin) and sensible (urine and stool) losses we must have very day

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18
Q

What are facultative losses and what is a major homeostatic organ for water balance

A

Losses that vary with intake (urine)
kidneys

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19
Q

What are the differences between insensible perspiration and sweating

A

Insensible perspiration ==> not obligatory or facultative sweating
IP: pure water ==> S: electrolyte solution

IP: Passive evaporation affected by ambient temp and relative humidity ==> S: active secretion (energy dependant)

IP: entire skin surface ==> S: sweat glands only

IP: continuous ==> activated by heavy work or high temp

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20
Q

Normally an individual is in what state

A

Water balance

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21
Q

Difference between 24 hour water turnover in adult vs infant body weight and why

A

A: 3-4% total body weight
I: 10% total body weight

Reason: high surface to volume ration in baby (very thin, no fat, less for water to travel before leaving body)

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22
Q

What does consistency in water volume under conditions of health maintain

A

Normal solute concentration, normal volume and pressure ==> adequate supply of O2 to to tissues

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23
Q

What is a negative water balance

A

Water loss > water intake

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24
Q

What causes a negative water balance

A
  1. Reduced water intake
  2. Excessive loss from gut (vomiting or diarrhea)
  3. Excessive sweating
  4. Excessive loss in expired air (dry air)
  5. Excessive loss in urine
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25
Q

What is water intoxication

A

Water intake > water loss

26
Q

What causes water intoxication

A
  1. Excessive intake (if fluid around cells become more dilute than concentration inside, water will flow in cells causing cells to inflate)
  2. Renal system failure
27
Q

How are the body water compartments organized

A

2 major compartments ==> one major compartment is subdivided into ==> two major and two minor sub compartments

28
Q

How do the subcompartments of water differ

A

Size, volume, composition, function

29
Q

Are body water compartments and subcompartments rigidly isolated chambers

A

No

30
Q

How do the compartments interact with each other

A

In a continuous dynamic fashion

31
Q

Does water exchange freely between compartments

A

Yes

32
Q

What are the two main components and what percentage of the 60% body mass and body water do they contain

A

Intracellular fluid (water inside all cells of body): 2/3 total body water, 40% body mass

Extracellular fluid (fluid outside of cell in different parts of body): 1/3 total body water, 20% body mass

33
Q

What are the two major subcompartments of the ECF component

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

34
Q

What are the two minor subcompartments of the ECF component

A

Lymph and transcellular fluid

35
Q

What is hematocrit (Ht)

A

The percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells

36
Q

Formula for Ht

A

Height of erythrocyte column / height of whole blood column

37
Q

Normal Ht value

A

45%

38
Q

What percentage of body mass does plasma take up

A

5% (1/4 of ECF)

39
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

True milieu interieur, fluid which percolates between individual cells

40
Q

How does the movement of interstitial fluid move relative to lymphatic drainage

A

Some fluid moves into the lymph tubules then further into the lymphatic system

41
Q

How does the lymphatic system work

A

Network of blind-ended terminal tubules ==> form larger lymphatic vessels ==> converge to form large lymphatic ducts ==> drain into large veins in the chest

42
Q

What percentage of ECF is the lymph volume

A

1-2%

43
Q

What is trans cellular fluid

A

Aggregate of small fluid volumes secreted by specific epithelial cells that line some body cavities that have specialized functions

44
Q

What is the volume of ECF that is trans cellular fluid

A

< 1-2% does not contribute significantly to overall water exchanges

45
Q

How does trans cellular fluid affect body fluid balance relative to local changes

A

TF affects and plays an important role in functions that affect local changes but local changes do not affect body fluid balance

46
Q

Overall takeaway of body fluid relative to total volume, relative distribution between compartments and the compartments themselves

A
  1. Total volume remains constant
  2. Relative distribution between compartments remains constant
  3. Compartments are in a state of dynamic equilibrium
47
Q

What are the methods of determining compartment volumes and which one is used most often

A
  1. Direct (literally taking out body water)
  2. Indirect (used most often)
48
Q

How does the indicator dilution method work

A
  1. Introduce a known quantity (q) for indicator into vein
  2. Allow time to equilibrate
  3. Remove known volume of blood and centrifuge to obtain plasma
  4. Measure concentration (c) in unit of volume of plasma
  5. Calculate v= Q/c
49
Q

What does one need to know in order to use the indicator dilution method

A
  1. Total quantity of test substance introduced
  2. Concentration of substance / unit volume of fluid after dispersion
50
Q

What is the formula for indicator dilution method

A

V = Q/c

51
Q

What are the considerations for indicator (Q) choice

A
  1. Non-toxic
  2. Will it diffuse into different compartments and diffuse readily
  3. Induce no changes in distribution of water between compartments
  4. Easy to measure
52
Q

Total body water drug possibilities

A

Antipyrine, D2O, T2O

53
Q

ECF compartment measurement indicators

A

Radioactively labeled INULIN, SUCROSE or MANNITOL

54
Q

What is a normal ECF value

A

14L

55
Q

Indicators for plasma volume measurements

A

Evan’s Blue or Albumin

56
Q

Normal plasma volume value

A

3.5L

57
Q

What must be corrected when finding a plasma volume measurement

A

Any amount which has been removed from body by metabolism or excretion during the time allowed for mixing

58
Q

How to find ICF volume determination

A

Total body water - ECF

59
Q

How to find ISF volume determinations

A

ECF - plasma = ISF

60
Q

Why is there not a direct calculation or indicator to use when finding ICF or ISF

A

Water is split into ICF and ECF (ISF + Plasma) anything that goes into ICF will automatically cross the ICF ECF membrane and plasma ISF membrane and thus only give total body water. For ISF, anything put in ISF can cross into plasma from the ISF plasma membrane but not everything put in plasma can cross into ISF and not everything put in ECF can cross into ICF

61
Q

What are the barriers to transport between ICF and external environment (ECF)

A
  1. Cell (plasma) membrane between ICF and ECF
  2. Capillary wall: barrier between ECF and plasma and between plasma and external environment

PHGY 209 (4 decks)

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