Body Fluids Flashcards
What do the Lemellar body count, Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) tell us?
Evaluates amniotic fluid for fetal lung maturity.
Normal L/S ratio and ratio is fetal lung immaturity is implicated?
Normal: > or equal to 2
Fetal lung immaturity: < 2
What does ΔA450 tell us?
Amniotic fluid analysis determination for bilirubin to evaluate hemolytic disease of the newborn.
What does alpha fetoprotein (AFP) screen?
amniotic fluid analysis for neural tube defects/fetal development error
What does Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) used to screen?
Amniotic fluid analysis
Screen for neural tube defects (specific for this)
What is normal color and clarity of CSF?
Colorless and clear
Normal glucose in CSF?
50-80 mg/dl
When would you see elevated lactic acid in CSF?
Bacterial, TB, fungal causes of meningitis
Viral would be low
When would you see low lactic acid in CSF?
Viral meningitis
What could you do with the CSF of a multiple sclerosis person?
Protein electrophoresis of CSF for oligoclonal bands
Are white blood cells seen in CSF?
Yes, normally seen. (lymphocytes and monocytes)
NO RBCS SEEN
You would see this type of cell be increased in the CSF of someone who has MS.
Plasma cells
What is serous fluid?
Fluid that is the ultrafiltrate of plasma –> pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
Serous Fluids
What is a transudate?
From systemic disease which is non-inflammatory.
Associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome.
Serous Fluids
What is a exudate?
From inflammatory processes that increase permeability of the capillary endothelium in the parietal membrane.
Associated with infections, tumors, RA, and SLE.
What are chylous effusions?
Associated with damage to lymphatic system
When spun down, and is milky, presence of chyle –> presence of lymphocytes and chylomicrons (increase triglycerides)
What is pseudochylous effusions?
From chronic inflammation (RA, TB)
No chylomicrons and low triglycerides, but present the same as chylous effusions.
What is synovial fluid?
joint fluid
How viscous is synovial fluid?
Highly viscous.
What things do you look for in synovial fluid?
Crystals:
Monosodium urate crystals and Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals (CPPD) crystals
What birefringence pattern would you see with monosodium urate crystals?
Negative birefringent; associated with gout
– yellow, parallel
– blue, perpendicular
What birefringence pattern would you see with CPPD crystals?
Weakly positive birefringence; associated with pseudogout
– blue - parallel
– yellow – perpendicular
Hemorrhage vs Traumatic Tap
Appearance of tubes?
Appearance of supernatant?
Presence of clots?
Hemorrhage: tubes all equally red, supernatant is xanthochromic, no clots
Traumatic Tap: subsequent clearing of blood in each tube, supernatant clear, clots due to fibrinogen
What is normal color & liquefaction of seminal fluid?
Color- gray/white
Liquefaction: 30-60 min
What is normal pH of seminal fluid?
7.2 - 7.8 (slightly basic)
What is the normal viscosity of seminal fluid?
Watery – forms discrete droplets
What is normal sperm motility?
> 50% motile with forward progression.
What is normal agglutination in seminal fluid?
none
What is normal sperm viability?
> 50% vital sperm (ASCP module)
Bottom line says >75%
What is normal sperm concentration?
20-250 million / mL
(should see azoospermia [absence of sperm] 12 weeks post-vasectomy)
For forensic studies, the presence of ___ confirms presence of semen in alleged rape cases.
Acid phosphatase
In fecal samples, what two substances are used to screen for presence of activated neutrophils associated with inflammatory processes?
Lactoferrin and calprotectin
What does the occult blood test inform us of?
Occult blood detects blood in feces that could be indicative of GI bleeding.
What is normal sperm morphology?
Normal you want to aim for < 30% abnormal forms.
What is the lactic acid values in transudate vs exudate?
Transudate: <200
Exudate >200
What is the turbidity in transudate vs exudate?
Transudate: clear, watery
Exudate: cloudy, viscous (because its associated with infections and malignancies)
