Body fluid compartments (intra and extracellular fluids) Flashcards

1
Q

Most important means by which body maintains a balance between intake and output is by ……..

A

controlling the rates at which the kidneys excrete these substances.

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2
Q

plasma and interstitial (extracellular) composition

A

Highly permeable capillary membrane
Protein level > in plasma because of low membrane permeability

Na+, Cl- and HCO3-

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3
Q

Intracellular fluid composition

A

Separated by cell membrane
Highly permeable to water not electrolytes (semi-permeable)

K+, Mg+, proteins, and PO4+

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4
Q

Gibbs Donnan Equilibrium

A

2 solutions containing ions are separated by membrane that is permeable to some of the ions but not to others –> electrochemical equilibrium is established

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5
Q

The principle of conservation of mass:

A

total mass of a substance after dispersion in the fluid compartment will be the same as the total mass injected into the compartment.

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6
Q

Distribution of fluid between intracellular & extracellular compartments determined by……

A

osmotic effect of small solutes.

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7
Q

Electrolytes or small ions (i.e.: sodium & chloride) determine distribution of…..

A

fluids across the semi-permeable cell membrane

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8
Q

______ ______ cause fluids to shift between compartments

A

Osmotic factors

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9
Q

Rate of diffusion of water is called _____.

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

_______ refers to the # of particles in solution rather than molar concentration

A

Osmole

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

1 mole of NaCl –> dissolve into solvent (1 L) –> Concentration of ……

A

2 osm/L solution (Na <—> Cl)

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13
Q

Osmolality:

A

Osmoles / kg of water

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14
Q

Osmolarity

A

Osmoles / liter of solution

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15
Q

_______ _______ refers to the amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis.

Pressure applied in ______ direction of osmosis

A

osmotic pressure
opposite

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16
Q

Osmotic pressure of a solution is ________ to the concentration of osmotically active particles

A

proportional

17
Q

1 mOsm gradient change = ________ mmHg. osmotic pressure

A

19.3mmHg

18
Q

Interstitial Fluid & Plasma: _____% due to ____ and ____ ions.

A

80% due to sodium and chloride

19
Q

Intracellular Fluid: ____% due to ______ ions

A

50% due to potassium

20
Q

Total osmolarity of each compartment:

A

300 mOsm/L

21
Q

Conditions of HYPONATREMIA:

A

Diarrhea & Vomiting
Diuretic abuse
Addison’s Disease
Excess water retention (ADH)

22
Q

Conditions of HYPERNATREMIA:

A

Lack of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
Dehydration
Aldosterone secretion

23
Q

If plasma sodium concentration rapidly falls below ____ to _____ mmol/L, brain swelling may lead to seizures, coma, permanent brain damage, and death.

A

115 to 120 mmol/L

24
Q

Because the skull is rigid, the brain cannot increase its volume by more than about ___percent without it being forced down the neck(herniation),which can lead to permanent brain injury and death.

A

10

25
Q

Primary loss of water from the extracellular fluid results in_______ and _______/

A

hypernatremia and dehydration
DI

26
Q

Excessive secretion of the sodium-retaining hormone ________can cause a mild degree of hypernatremia and overhydration.

A

aldosterone

27
Q

Intracellular edema can occur in certain conditions:

A

Inflammation has a direct effect on increasing cell membrane permeability
Depression of cellular metabolic function
Lack of nutrition to the cells
Decreased blood flow: reduced oxygen & nutrient supply
Ionic pumps of cell membrane require oxidative metabolism (ATP) to remove intracellular sodium

28
Q

Two general causes of extracellular edema:

A
  1. Abnormal leakage from plasma
  2. Lymphatic failure to return fluids to blood
29
Q

Abnormal leakage from plasma: (3)

A

Excessive capillary filtration rate
Filtration dependant on permeability & surface area of capillary
Starling factors: hydrostatic pressure & colloid osmotic pressure

30
Q

Abnormal leakage from plasma: 3 Causes

A

Increased capillary filtration coefficient

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

Lymphatic failure to return fluids to blood: (3)

A

Lymphatic blockage preventing return of proteins to plasma
Increased interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
Cancer, surgery, infection (filaria nematodes)

32
Q

Causes of Extracellular Edema:

A
  1. Increased capillary pressure
  2. Decreased plasma protein
  3. Increased capillary permeability
  4. Blockage of lymph return
33
Q

Edema caused by HF:
_____ _____ to the kidneys is reduced and this reduced blood flow stimulates secretion of_____, causing increased formation of _______ and increased secretion of ________ both of which cause additional salt and water retention by the kidneys.

A

Blood flow
Renin
angiotensin II
aldosterone

34
Q

Safety Factors That Prevent Edema:

A
  1. The safety factor caused by low tissue compliance in the negative pressure range is about 3 mm Hg.
  2. The safety factor caused by increased lymph flow is about 7 mm Hg.
  3. Wash down” of interstitial fluid proteins (as lymphatic flow increases proteins are washed away)
35
Q

Renal Blood flow =

A

22% of cardiac output (1100ml/min

36
Q

Renal blood flow in order =

A

Renal artery —-> segmental arteries —-> interlobar arteries —–> arcuate arteries interlobular arteries —-> afferent arterioles ——> glomerular capillaries

“RSI AIA”

37
Q

Highest metabolism is in the Renal ______.

A

Cortex

38
Q

Describe Cortical Nephrons:

A

Short loops of Henle, extend to outer medulla
Outnumber juxtamedullary nephrons ~7:1

39
Q

Describe Juxtamedullary Nephrons:

A

Extend deep into medulla with long loops of Henle
Play a big role in concentrating urine
Just a few, deeper and into medulla