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Vet Physiology > Body Fluid compartments and transport across cell membranes > Flashcards

Body Fluid compartments and transport across cell membranes Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate total body water?

A

weight in kg x .6= total body water

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2
Q

what percent of BW is total body water?

A

60%

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3
Q

what is the relationship between water and fat?

A

inversely related (i.e. more fat an animal has, less water)

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4
Q

what are the 2 major fluid compartments?

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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5
Q

what makes up the extracellular fluid?

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

what % of BW is intracellular fluid?

A

40% BW

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7
Q

what % of BW is extracellular fluid?

A

20% BW

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8
Q

what % of BW is interstitial fluid?

A

16%

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9
Q

what % of BW is plasma?

A

4%

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10
Q

what is the average blood volume?

A

6-8% of BW or 60-80 mL/kg BW

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11
Q

how do you measure AMOUNTS?

A

in moles, equivalents, or osmoles

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12
Q

equivalent=

A

amount of charged solute (CaCl2= 2 Eq of Ca and 2 Eq of Cl)
- moles of solute multiplied by its valence
- Ca=valence 2+
- 1 mole of Ca= 2 Eq Ca + 2 Eq Cl

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13
Q

osmole=

A

of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution (NaCl= 2 osmoles in solution)
- contribute to osmotic pressure
- 2 osmol/L for osmolarity (concentration)

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14
Q

how do you measure CONCENTRATIONS?

A

in mol/L or mmol/L, mEq/L, Osm/L or mOsm/L

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15
Q

osmolarity=

A

osmoles/L

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16
Q

pH expresses…

A

H ion concentration

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17
Q

H ion concentration in body fluid are….

A

relatively low, so expresses as a logarithmic term (pH)

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18
Q

what is electroneutrality?

A

each body fluid compartment must have the same concentration of cations as of anions

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19
Q

what are the major ions in ECF?

A
  • major cation= Na+
  • major anions= Cl- and HCO3-
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20
Q

what are the major ions in ICF?

A
  • major cations= K+
  • major anions= proteins (negatively charged) and organic phosphates
21
Q

what is specific to the ICF?

A
  • low ionized Ca2+ and more acidic
  • ionized Ca= free Ca -> biologically active
  • total Ca= ionized and bound Ca
22
Q

what is the osmolarity in the ECF and ICF?

A

THE SAME!- electroneutrality maintained

23
Q

what is normal osmolarity?

A

290-300 mOsm/L

24
Q

selectively permeable

A

cell membranes ARE NOT freely soluble to all solutes

25
Q

what are transport mechanisms in the cell membrane?

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase pump
  • Ca2+/ATPase pump
26
Q

what does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump do?

A

pump Na out of cell and K into cell; creates high [Na] outside the cell
- DIRECTLY USES ATP

27
Q

what does the Ca2+/ATPase pump do?

A

pumps Ca out of the cell

28
Q

why are ion concentration differences important?

A
  1. allows nerve and muscle cells to have resting membrane potentials (DUE TO K+ DIFFERENCE)
  2. upstroke of action potentials in nerve and muscle cells, and absorption of nutrients DUE TO NA+ DIFFERENCE
  3. excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells DEPENDS ON CA2+ DIFFERENCE
29
Q

what are cell membranes composed of?

A

lipids and proteins

30
Q

what are examples of lipids?

A
  • phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
31
Q

what is important about lipids?

A
  • allow membrane to be permeable to lipid soluble substances
  • CO2, O2, fatty acids, steroid hormones receptors, antigens, ion and water channels
32
Q

what is the phospholipid component of the cell membrane?

A
  • glycerol backbone (water-soluble) + FA tails (lipid-soluble)= amphipathic
  • helps to form a lipid bilayer
33
Q

what are the protein components of the cell membrane?

A
  • integral proteins: can be transmembrane proteins (hormone or neurotransmitter receptors, pores, ion channels)
  • peripheral proteins: NOT bound to membrane, loosely attached
34
Q

how can transport occur DOWN an electrochemical gradient?

A
  • simple or facilitated diffusion
  • no input of energy
35
Q

how can transport occur AGAINST an electrochemical gradient?

A
  • primary transport (direct input of energy)
  • secondary transport (indirect input of energy)- i.e. using a Na gradient established using primary transport
36
Q

is simple diffusion carrier-mediated?

A

NO! only one that doesn’t need carrier!

37
Q

what happens when 2 solutions are separated by a membrane permeable to the solute?

A

the solute will equilibrate across the membrane

38
Q

what factors does the movement of solute depend on?

A
  1. concentration gradient- driving force (larger [ ] diff., greater driving force)
  2. partition coefficient- based on lipid solubility of solute (greater the lipid solubility of solute, easier it can diffuse)
  3. diffusion coefficient- based on size of solute and viscosity of solution (very small solutes moving through a non-viscous solution diffuse easily)
  4. thickness of membrane
  5. surface area- greater surface area= higher diffusion rate
39
Q

what are 2 additional consequences of CHARGE on an ion that is diffusing?

A
  1. a potential difference across a membrane will alter the rate of diffusion of a charged solute
    • diffusion of a positively-charged ion will slow down if diffusing into an area of positive charge
  2. a diffusion potential can be created when a charged solute diffuses down its concentration gradient
40
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • uses a carrier protein, NO INPUT OF ENERGY
  • because of limited # of carriers, it will proceed faster at relatively low solute concentrations
41
Q

what is an example of facilitated diffusion?

A

GLUT4 transporter in skeletal and adipose tissue
- transports glucose into cells
- D-galactose also competes for binding
- this affects rate of transport
- facilitated diffusion level off at saturation, while simple keeps going as long as there is conc. gradient

42
Q

what are features of carrier-mediated transport?

A
  1. SATURATION
    • carrier proteins have limited # of binding sites for solute; therefore: RATE of transport increases at a higher rate at lower solute concentrations
  2. STEREOSPECIFICITY
    • binding sites for solute on carrier proteins are specific
  3. COMPETITION
    • although binding sites are specific, carriers may recognize and bind chemically-related solutes
43
Q

what is primary active transport?

A

one or more solutes MOVED AGAINST a concentration gradient directly using ATP

44
Q

what is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A
  • present in membranes of ALL cells
  • 3 Na+ pumped to ECF and 2 K+ pumped to ICF- creates a charge separation and POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
  • cardiac glycosides inhibit this protein transporter
45
Q

what is the Ca2+ ATPase pump?

A
  • plasma-membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)
  • sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)- 2 Ca from ICF into SR or ER for every ATP
46
Q

what is the H+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

parietal cells of gastric mucosa- pumps H+ into lumen of stomach

47
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

indirectly uses energy by utilizing the Na+ gradient to transport solutes against their concentration gradient

48
Q

describe co-transport (symport)

A
  • all solutes transported in same direction
  • Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1)
  • Na+/amino acid co-transporter
  • Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter in renal tubule
49
Q

describe counter-transport (antiport)

A
  • solutes move in opposite directions- Na+ moves INTO cell and other solute moves OUT of cell
  • Ca2+/Na+ exchange
  • Na+/H+ exchange

Vet Physiology (5 decks)

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