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physiology > body fluid and transport mechanisms > Flashcards

body fluid and transport mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main body cavities?

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity

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2
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

A

Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity

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3
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

The trachea, esophagus and a major vessels

It’s also contains the pericardial cavity which surrounds the heart

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4
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

The urinary bladder
reproductive organs
the last portion of the digestive tract

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5
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

many digestive glands and organs

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6
Q

What are the hollow organs in the body ?

A

The heart
lungs
blood vessels
intestines

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7
Q

What is the interior of the hollow organs referred to as?

A

Lumen

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8
Q

what is the extracellular fluid?

A

The fluid found outside of organ tissue

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9
Q

What is the fluid found between blood vessels and tissue cells called?

A

Interstitial fluid

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10
Q

What is intercellular fluid?

A

Fluid inside tissue cells

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11
Q

What are two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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12
Q

What does the law of mass balance state?

A

If the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

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13
Q

What is clearance?

A

The rate of which material is removed from the body by excretion metabolism or both

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14
Q

What is major organ for clearance?

A

The liver

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15
Q

Do cells and extracellular fluid have to be in equilibrium to maintain homeostasis?

A

No

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16
Q

“most solutes are concentrated in either one compartment or the other”

What is this known as:

A

Chemical disequilibrium

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17
Q

“cations and anions are not distributed equally between the body compartments”

What is this known as?

A

Electrical disequilibrium

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18
Q

What is steady state?

A

When there is no net movement of material between the compartments

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19
Q

What are the functions of a cell membrane?

A

Physical isolation
Regulation of exchange with the environment
Communication between cell and its environment
Structural support

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20
Q

What type of proteins are found on the cell membrane?

A

Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

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21
Q

What is TP and what’s its function?

A

Transmembrane protein

It’s a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane

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22
Q

What to do peripheral proteins do?

A

They anchor the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane

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23
Q

What does fick’s law say about diffusion?

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to:

Surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability / Membrane thickness

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24
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion through a cell membrane?

A 
Lipid solubility
Size of molecule
Cell membrane thickness
Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Composition of a lipid layer
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25
Q

What is membrane permeability proportional to?

A

Lipid solubility/ molecular size

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26
Q

What things can diffuse through simple diffusion across a cell membrane?

A

O2 and CO2 they are small and nonpolar
H2O only because it’s small and the diffusion is very slow
Ethanol and glycerol because they are nonpolar

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27
Q

Which way does the acetylcholine diffuse?

A

From presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane at the synapse

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28
Q

What are the three different types of transport carriers across a Membrane?

A

Uniport carriers
Symport carriers
Antiport carriers

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29
Q

What do uniport carriers do?

A

Transport one kind of substrate only

30
Q

What do symport carriers do?

A

Move one or more substances in the same direction across the membrane

31
Q

What do antiport carriers do?

A

Move substrates in opposite directions

32
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of specific molecules or ions down a concentration gradient passing through the membrane via a specific protein carrier

33
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Carry specific molecules across a membrane through passive or active transport

34
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

They form a narrow pore through which ions can pass.

channel proteins carry out passive transport

35
Q

What are channel proteins filled with?

A

Water

36
Q

Are the linings of protein channels hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

37
Q

Do open channels have gates?

A

Yes but they spend most of their time in the open state

38
Q

How do gated channels work?

A

They are usually closed and require a stimulus to open them

39
Q

How do ion-gated channels open?

A

when transmitters bind to a specific gated channel on a neuron
the channels then open allowing Na+ to enter

40
Q

How do voltage gated channels open?

A

A change in electrical charge across a nerve cell membrane opens the Na+ and K+ channels

41
Q

Where does the energy required for primary active transport come from ?

A

Directly from ATP hydrolysis

42
Q

Where does the energy required for secondary active transport come from ?

A

Indirectly from Ionic gradients created by primary active transport

43
Q

What is specificity ?

A

The ability of a transporter to move one molecule or only a group of closely related molecules

44
Q

What is competition?

A

A transporter may have several members of a related group of substrates, but those substrates complete with one another for binding sites on the transport

45
Q

What is saturation?

A

Limited rate of transport

46
Q

The rate of transport depends on what?

A

The number of carrier molecules

Substrate concentration

47
Q

how are large particles, macromolecules and fluids transported across the cell membrane?

A

Membranous sacs called vesicles

48
Q

What processes do cells use to import large molecules and particles?

A

phagocytosis and endocytosis

49
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

It is the actin mediated process by which a cell engulfs a bacterium or other particles into a large membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome

50
Q

Does phagocytosis require energy and why?

A

Yes

It’s requires energy from ATP for the movement of the cytoskeleton and for the intercellular transport of the vesicles

51
Q

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

A

The membrane surface indents rather than pushes out

Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

52
Q

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

A

The membrane surface intense rather than pushes out

Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

53
Q

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

A

The membrane surface intense rather than pushes out

Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

54
Q

Is pinocytosis selective or non-selective?

A

Non selective

55
Q

Does endocytosis require energy?

A

Yes

ATP

56
Q

Describe what happens during pinocytosis

A

Plasma membrane folds in bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell
Fuses with endosome

57
Q

Give an example of where pinocytosis might occur

A

In the small intestine for nutrient absorption

58
Q

Where does receptor mediated endocytosis take place?

A

Regions of the cell membrane called coated pits

59
Q

What is the most common protein in receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Clathrin

60
Q

What is the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis ?

A

Clathrin coated pits

61
Q

What is potocytosis?

A

It is a form of endocytosis distinguished from receptor mediated endocytosis but the fact that potocytosis uses caveolae rather than clathrin coated pits to concentrate and bring receptor bound molecule into the membrane

62
Q

What are caveolae ?

A

They are membrane regions with lipid rafts, membrane receptor proteins and a coat of membrane proteins named caveolins

63
Q

Describe what happens during exocytosis

A

Intercellular vesicles move to the cell membrane, fuse with it and then release that content to the extracellular fluid

64
Q

What is the purpose of exocytosis?

A

To export large lipophobic molecules such as protein synthesized in the cell and get rid of waste left in lysosomes from intercellular digestion

65
Q

Give examples of what exercise is used

A

When goblet cells release mucus

When fibroblasts and connective tissue release collagen

66
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of particles per liter of solution

67
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of the human body?

A

280 to 296 milliosmoles per

mOsM

68
Q

What do you call two solutions that contain the same number of solute particles per unit volume?

A

Isosmtic

69
Q

What do you call it when the first solution has a higher osmolarity than the second?

A

Hyperosmotic

70
Q

What do you call it when the first solution has a lower osmolarity than the second?

A

Hypoosmotic

71
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a solution to alter a cell’s water volume

72
Q

water will always move from what to what ?
use the terms, not necessarily all of them
Isosmtic
Hyperosmotic
Hypoosmotic

A

water will always move from a hypoomotic solution to a hyperosmotic

physiology (3 decks)

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