body fluid and transport mechanisms

Question 1

What are the main body cavities?

Answer 1

Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity

Question 2

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

Answer 2

Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity

Question 3

What does the mediastinum contain?

Answer 3

The trachea, esophagus and a major vessels

It’s also contains the pericardial cavity which surrounds the heart

Question 4

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 4

The urinary bladder
reproductive organs
the last portion of the digestive tract

Question 5

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Answer 5

many digestive glands and organs

Question 6

What are the hollow organs in the body ?

Answer 6

The heart
lungs
blood vessels
intestines

Question 7

What is the interior of the hollow organs referred to as?

Answer 7

Lumen

Question 8

what is the extracellular fluid?

Answer 8

The fluid found outside of organ tissue

Question 9

What is the fluid found between blood vessels and tissue cells called?

Answer 9

Interstitial fluid

Question 10

What is intercellular fluid?

Answer 10

Fluid inside tissue cells

Question 11

What are two types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 11

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 12

What does the law of mass balance state?

Answer 12

If the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Question 13

What is clearance?

Answer 13

The rate of which material is removed from the body by excretion metabolism or both

Question 14

What is major organ for clearance?

Answer 14

The liver

Question 15

Do cells and extracellular fluid have to be in equilibrium to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

“most solutes are concentrated in either one compartment or the other”

What is this known as:

Answer 16

Chemical disequilibrium

Question 17

“cations and anions are not distributed equally between the body compartments”

What is this known as?

Answer 17

Electrical disequilibrium

Question 18

What is steady state?

Answer 18

When there is no net movement of material between the compartments

Question 19

What are the functions of a cell membrane?

Answer 19

Physical isolation
Regulation of exchange with the environment
Communication between cell and its environment
Structural support

Question 20

What type of proteins are found on the cell membrane?

Answer 20

Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

Question 21

What is TP and what’s its function?

Answer 21

Transmembrane protein

It’s a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane

Question 22

What to do peripheral proteins do?

Answer 22

They anchor the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane

Question 23

What does fick’s law say about diffusion?

Answer 23

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to:

Surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability / Membrane thickness

Question 24

What factors affect the rate of diffusion through a cell membrane?

Answer 24

Lipid solubility
Size of molecule
Cell membrane thickness
Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Composition of a lipid layer

Question 25

What is membrane permeability proportional to?

Answer 25

Lipid solubility/ molecular size

Question 26

What things can diffuse through simple diffusion across a cell membrane?

Answer 26

O2 and CO2 they are small and nonpolar H2O only because it's small and the diffusion is very slow Ethanol and glycerol because they are nonpolar

Question 27

Which way does the acetylcholine diffuse?

Answer 27

From presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane at the synapse

Question 28

What are the three different types of transport carriers across a Membrane?

Answer 28

Uniport carriers Symport carriers Antiport carriers

Question 29

What do uniport carriers do?

Answer 29

Transport one kind of substrate only

Question 30

What do symport carriers do?

Answer 30

Move one or more substances in the same direction across the membrane

Question 31

What do antiport carriers do?

Answer 31

Move substrates in opposite directions

Question 32

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 32

The movement of specific molecules or ions down a concentration gradient passing through the membrane via a specific protein carrier

Question 33

What do carrier proteins do?

Answer 33

Carry specific molecules across a membrane through passive or active transport

Question 34

What do channel proteins do?

Answer 34

They form a narrow pore through which ions can pass. | channel proteins carry out passive transport

Question 35

What are channel proteins filled with?

Answer 35

Water

Question 36

Are the linings of protein channels hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 36

Hydrophilic

Question 37

Do open channels have gates?

Answer 37

Yes but they spend most of their time in the open state

Question 38

How do gated channels work?

Answer 38

They are usually closed and require a stimulus to open them

Question 39

How do ion-gated channels open?

Answer 39

when transmitters bind to a specific gated channel on a neuron the channels then open allowing Na+ to enter

Question 40

How do voltage gated channels open?

Answer 40

A change in electrical charge across a nerve cell membrane opens the Na+ and K+ channels

Question 41

Where does the energy required for primary active transport come from ?

Answer 41

Directly from ATP hydrolysis

Question 42

Where does the energy required for secondary active transport come from ?

Answer 42

Indirectly from Ionic gradients created by primary active transport

Question 43

What is specificity ?

Answer 43

The ability of a transporter to move one molecule or only a group of closely related molecules

Question 44

What is competition?

Answer 44

A transporter may have several members of a related group of substrates, but those substrates complete with one another for binding sites on the transport

Question 45

What is saturation?

Answer 45

Limited rate of transport

Question 46

The rate of transport depends on what?

Answer 46

The number of carrier molecules | Substrate concentration

Question 47

how are large particles, macromolecules and fluids transported across the cell membrane?

Answer 47

Membranous sacs called vesicles

Question 48

What processes do cells use to import large molecules and particles?

Answer 48

phagocytosis and endocytosis

Question 49

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 49

It is the actin mediated process by which a cell engulfs a bacterium or other particles into a large membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome

Question 50

Does phagocytosis require energy and why?

Answer 50

Yes | It's requires energy from ATP for the movement of the cytoskeleton and for the intercellular transport of the vesicles

Question 51

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

Answer 51

The membrane surface indents rather than pushes out | Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

Question 52

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

Answer 52

The membrane surface intense rather than pushes out | Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

Question 53

How is endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

Answer 53

The membrane surface intense rather than pushes out | Vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller

Question 54

Is pinocytosis selective or non-selective?

Answer 54

Non selective

Question 55

Does endocytosis require energy?

Answer 55

Yes | ATP

Question 56

Describe what happens during pinocytosis

Answer 56

Plasma membrane folds in bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell Fuses with endosome

Question 57

Give an example of where pinocytosis might occur

Answer 57

In the small intestine for nutrient absorption

Question 58

Where does receptor mediated endocytosis take place?

Answer 58

Regions of the cell membrane called coated pits

Question 59

What is the most common protein in receptor mediated endocytosis?

Answer 59

Clathrin

Question 60

What is the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis ?

Answer 60

Clathrin coated pits

Question 61

What is potocytosis?

Answer 61

It is a form of endocytosis distinguished from receptor mediated endocytosis but the fact that potocytosis uses caveolae rather than clathrin coated pits to concentrate and bring receptor bound molecule into the membrane

Question 62

What are caveolae ?

Answer 62

They are membrane regions with lipid rafts, membrane receptor proteins and a coat of membrane proteins named caveolins

Question 63

Describe what happens during exocytosis

Answer 63

Intercellular vesicles move to the cell membrane, fuse with it and then release that content to the extracellular fluid

Question 64

What is the purpose of exocytosis?

Answer 64

To export large lipophobic molecules such as protein synthesized in the cell and get rid of waste left in lysosomes from intercellular digestion

Question 65

Give examples of what exercise is used

Answer 65

When goblet cells release mucus | When fibroblasts and connective tissue release collagen

Question 66

What is osmolarity?

Answer 66

The number of particles per liter of solution

Question 67

What is the normal osmolarity of the human body?

Answer 67

280 to 296 milliosmoles per | mOsM

Question 68

What do you call two solutions that contain the same number of solute particles per unit volume?

Answer 68

Isosmtic

Question 69

What do you call it when the first solution has a higher osmolarity than the second?

Answer 69

Hyperosmotic

Question 70

What do you call it when the first solution has a lower osmolarity than the second?

Answer 70

Hypoosmotic

Question 71

What is tonicity?

Answer 71

The ability of a solution to alter a cell's water volume

Question 72

water will always move from what to what ? use the terms, not necessarily all of them Isosmtic Hyperosmotic Hypoosmotic

Answer 72

water will always move from a hypoomotic solution to a hyperosmotic