Body Coordinations Flashcards
The systems of your body are:
Interdependent
Name the 4 sub-main systems in the body.
Excretory, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems
What are the 2 main systems that control the excretory, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems.
The Endocrine System and The Nervous System.
Define Homeostasis:
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Name some factors which must remain constant in order for your body to function properly:
- Water levels
- Glucose levels
- Oxygen Levels
- Carbon Dioxide Levels
- Concentration of waste in system
- Temperature
Homeostasis Involves:
_______that are sensitive to a
particular stimulus
_______that have an effect on the same stimulus
- Receptors
- Effectors
What are the 5 points in the stimulus response model?
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Messenger
- Effector
- Response
Define a Stimulus:
Any change in environment that which brings about a response from an organism.
Define Receptor:
Special cells in an organism which detect change.
Define Control Centre:
Organ that receives signals + makes decisions about what to do next. (CNS/Endocrine)
- coordinates a response.
Define Effector:
A gland or an organ which receives signals from the control centre and carries out the response.
Define Response:
The action carried out by the effector.
There are 4 types of receptor cells what are they?
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Photoreceptors
4) Mechanoreceptors
What stimulus do Photoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?
- Light
- Eyes
What stimulus do Mechanoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?
- Movement, distortion, pressure
- Skin and Ears
What stimulus do Chemoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?
- Chemicals like smell or taste
- Tongue and nose
What stimulus do Thermoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?
- Heat
- Skin
How are messages sent in the endocrine system?
- Hormones are the chemical messengers
- Target cells in the blood stream.
How are messages sent in the Nervous System?
- Electrical Impulses.
To maintain homeostasis what kind of feedback mechanism is used?
Negative feedback mechanism.
Name the one example of a positive feedback mechanism we learnt in class.
Childbirth contractions.
There are 3 steps to a negative feedback mechanism:
1) A change is detected
2) A message is sent
3) A response is initiated
Give to examples of constants that require the negative feedback mechanism to remain constant.
- 37 degree body temperature
- Maintenance of blood sugar levels.
Give the Stimulus response model for body temperature rising/falling:
- Stimulus = body exceeds/is under 37 degrees
- Receptor = thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus
- Control Centre = Hypothalamus
- Effector = vasodilation, hairs lay flat, sweat produced etc. OR vasoconstriction, hairs stand up, shivering, lack of sweat etc.
- Response = Body temperatures are back to 37 degrees.
What is the equation for cellular respiration:
Oxygen + Glucose -> Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide.
What is the system that supply gases and nutrients to cells, and remove wastes from cells.
Respiratory System.
Give the Stimulus response model for carbon dioxide levels rising:
- Stimulus = Carbon Dioxide Levels Rise
- Receptor = Chemoreceptors in Medulla Oblongata
- Control Centre = The brain sends messages to intercostal muscles, lungs, diaphragm and heart.
- Effector = Heart, lungs, intercostal muscles, and
diaphragm. - Response = Increase in RR + HR
What is glucose?
- A sugar that is vital to cellular respiration
What is glycogen?
- Glycogen is stored glucose
What is glucagon?
- Makes the glucose GONE
- increases blood sugar levels by telling the liver to get rid of some of the glycogen (stored glucose).
Give the stimulus response model for increased/decreased blood sugar rates:
- Stimulus = Increase/Decrease in blood sugar.
- Receptor = Pancreas
- Control Centre = Pancreas releases glucagon or Insulin into bloodstream.
- Effector = Liver either takes in more glucose from blood stream or releases glycogen back into it
- Response = blood sugar levels return to normal.
What is the difference between someone with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 -
- Born with it
- Body produces little to no insulin
- Needs insulin shots.
Type 2 -
- Happens later in life
- Body doesn’t produce enough insulin or resists it.
- Needs exercise, diets.
What 2 sections does the nervous system divide into?
Central and Peripheral
What 2 sections does the Peripheral Nervous System split into?
Autonomic and Somatic
Give the stimulus response model for increased/decreased water level rates:
- Stimulus = increase/decrease in water levels in bloodstream
- Receptor = Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
- Control Centre = Pituitary gland releases more/less ADH
- Effector = kidneys are told to either put more/less water back into bloodstream.
- Response = water levels constant again.
What is ADH
- Anti-diuretic Hormone
- released by pituitary gland
- Travels in blood to target organs
- Instructs kidneys to reabsorb blood back into bloodstream
What happens when you do vigorous exercise?
Cellular respiration increases
- more carbon dioxide in blood
- stimulus response model
- HR increases + RR increases
- That’s why your heart beats faster and you breathe quicker when doing exercise.
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
To act as a communication network that allows the body to detect changes in environment and perform homeostasis.
What is your CNS made up of?
Brain and Spinal Chord
What is your PNS made up of?
Nerves/Neurons
What does the Autonomic side of the PNS take care of?
It takes care of all actions that do not require any though, breathing, heart beat)
- self regulated actions
What does the Somatic side of the PNS take are of?
All actions that your brain wishes to do. (arm movement, picking something up)
- voluntary movement
What sections does the Autonomic system split into?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic.
What does Parasympathetic do?
Arousing
What does Sympathetic do?
Calming
What protects your spinal cord?
Your backbone and spine (bones/skeletal systme)
- Vertebra
What does the CNS do?
Brain
- receives and processes sensory information, processes thoughts, stores memories, initiates responses and
emotions.
Spinal Cord
– conducts signals to and
from the brain, controls reflexes.
What does the PNS do?
-Connects the CNS to the organs, limbs and skin.
-Carries messages on sensory and motor neurons.
-Divided into Somatic & Autonomic nervous systems.
What is a nerve?
Large number of neurons bundled together.
- Neurons are specialised cells
There is an insulating layer that cover nerves what is it called?
Myelin Sheath.
_______ travel around the body via nerves.
Electro-magnetic impulses.
Sense Organs are our receptors
- They send messages to the CNS telling it what happened through ___________
SENSORY NEURONS!
Muscles and Glands are our effectors
- The CNS sends messages to them telling them what to do via __________
MOTOR NEURONS!
What are Axons. What are their purpose?
- The soma (cell body) connect to thin axons.
- The axons carry the nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body.
- Normally have the dots on the end.
What are Dendrites. What are their purpose?
- Nerve endings that branch out from cell body
- Dendrites receive messages.
- Connected to the axons of other neurons to receive this information and pass it on.
True or False: Dendrites bring information to the cell,
and axons take information away from
the cell body.
True ;)
Describe the structure of a sensory neuron:
- Cell body hanging off the middle in a large blob.
- Longer dendrites to receive more information from receptors more efficiently.
- Shorter Axons to quicky give information to the CNS.
Describe the structure of a motor neuron:
- Cell body at the end connected to the dendrites
- Longer axons to emit signals from CNS over distances to muscles and glands more efficiently.
- Shorter dendrites to receive information quickly.
Describe the Structure of a Relay Neuron:
- Cell body also in the middle but not hanging off the main body.
- Shorter in order to minimise time taken to send electro-magnetic impulses.
- most common type of neuron.
What is the purpose of the sensory neuron?
Transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all over the body
What is the purpose of the motor neuron?
Take information away from the spinal cord and body and take it to muscles and glands.
What is the purpose of the relay neuron?
Transmits nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
What are the steps in the reflex arc?
Stimulus -> Receptor ->Sensory Neuron -> Relay Neuron ->Motor neuron -> Effector -> Response.
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Coordination and Balance
What is the hypothalamus for?
Connects Endocrine and Nervous System.
What is the pituitary gland responsible for?
Controlling all other glands.
What is the cerebrum responsible for?
Conscious thought.
Define a hormone
A hormone is a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that travels in the blood to activate target cells.
