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Body Coordinations Flashcards

1
Q

The systems of your body are:

A

Interdependent

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2
Q

Name the 4 sub-main systems in the body.

A

Excretory, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems

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3
Q

What are the 2 main systems that control the excretory, digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems.

A

The Endocrine System and The Nervous System.

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4
Q

Define Homeostasis:

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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5
Q

Name some factors which must remain constant in order for your body to function properly:

A
  • Water levels
  • Glucose levels
  • Oxygen Levels
  • Carbon Dioxide Levels
  • Concentration of waste in system
  • Temperature
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6
Q

Homeostasis Involves:
_______that are sensitive to a
particular stimulus

_______that have an effect on the same stimulus

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Effectors
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7
Q

What are the 5 points in the stimulus response model?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Messenger
  4. Effector
  5. Response
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8
Q

Define a Stimulus:

A

Any change in environment that which brings about a response from an organism.

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9
Q

Define Receptor:

A

Special cells in an organism which detect change.

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10
Q

Define Control Centre:

A

Organ that receives signals + makes decisions about what to do next. (CNS/Endocrine)
- coordinates a response.

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11
Q

Define Effector:

A

A gland or an organ which receives signals from the control centre and carries out the response.

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12
Q

Define Response:

A

The action carried out by the effector.

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13
Q

There are 4 types of receptor cells what are they?

A

1) Chemoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Photoreceptors
4) Mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

What stimulus do Photoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?

A
  • Light
  • Eyes
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15
Q

What stimulus do Mechanoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?

A
  • Movement, distortion, pressure
  • Skin and Ears
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16
Q

What stimulus do Chemoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?

A
  • Chemicals like smell or taste
  • Tongue and nose
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17
Q

What stimulus do Thermoreceptors respond to? Where are they located?

A
  • Heat
  • Skin
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18
Q

How are messages sent in the endocrine system?

A
  • Hormones are the chemical messengers
  • Target cells in the blood stream.
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19
Q

How are messages sent in the Nervous System?

A
  • Electrical Impulses.
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20
Q

To maintain homeostasis what kind of feedback mechanism is used?

A

Negative feedback mechanism.

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21
Q

Name the one example of a positive feedback mechanism we learnt in class.

A

Childbirth contractions.

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22
Q

There are 3 steps to a negative feedback mechanism:

A

1) A change is detected
2) A message is sent
3) A response is initiated

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23
Q

Give to examples of constants that require the negative feedback mechanism to remain constant.

A
  • 37 degree body temperature
  • Maintenance of blood sugar levels.
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24
Q

Give the Stimulus response model for body temperature rising/falling:

A
  • Stimulus = body exceeds/is under 37 degrees
  • Receptor = thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus
  • Control Centre = Hypothalamus
  • Effector = vasodilation, hairs lay flat, sweat produced etc. OR vasoconstriction, hairs stand up, shivering, lack of sweat etc.
  • Response = Body temperatures are back to 37 degrees.
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25
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration:

A

Oxygen + Glucose -> Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

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26
Q

What is the system that supply gases and nutrients to cells, and remove wastes from cells.

A

Respiratory System.

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27
Q

Give the Stimulus response model for carbon dioxide levels rising:

A
  • Stimulus = Carbon Dioxide Levels Rise
  • Receptor = Chemoreceptors in Medulla Oblongata
  • Control Centre = The brain sends messages to intercostal muscles, lungs, diaphragm and heart.
  • Effector = Heart, lungs, intercostal muscles, and
    diaphragm.
  • Response = Increase in RR + HR
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28
Q

What is glucose?

A
  • A sugar that is vital to cellular respiration
29
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • Glycogen is stored glucose
30
Q

What is glucagon?

A
  • Makes the glucose GONE
  • increases blood sugar levels by telling the liver to get rid of some of the glycogen (stored glucose).
31
Q

Give the stimulus response model for increased/decreased blood sugar rates:

A
  • Stimulus = Increase/Decrease in blood sugar.
  • Receptor = Pancreas
  • Control Centre = Pancreas releases glucagon or Insulin into bloodstream.
  • Effector = Liver either takes in more glucose from blood stream or releases glycogen back into it
  • Response = blood sugar levels return to normal.
32
Q

What is the difference between someone with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

A

Type 1 -
- Born with it
- Body produces little to no insulin
- Needs insulin shots.
Type 2 -
- Happens later in life
- Body doesn’t produce enough insulin or resists it.
- Needs exercise, diets.

33
Q

What 2 sections does the nervous system divide into?

A

Central and Peripheral

34
Q

What 2 sections does the Peripheral Nervous System split into?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

35
Q

Give the stimulus response model for increased/decreased water level rates:

A
  • Stimulus = increase/decrease in water levels in bloodstream
  • Receptor = Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • Control Centre = Pituitary gland releases more/less ADH
  • Effector = kidneys are told to either put more/less water back into bloodstream.
  • Response = water levels constant again.
36
Q

What is ADH

A
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone
  • released by pituitary gland
  • Travels in blood to target organs
  • Instructs kidneys to reabsorb blood back into bloodstream
37
Q

What happens when you do vigorous exercise?

A

Cellular respiration increases
- more carbon dioxide in blood
- stimulus response model
- HR increases + RR increases
- That’s why your heart beats faster and you breathe quicker when doing exercise.

38
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

To act as a communication network that allows the body to detect changes in environment and perform homeostasis.

39
Q

What is your CNS made up of?

A

Brain and Spinal Chord

40
Q

What is your PNS made up of?

A

Nerves/Neurons

41
Q

What does the Autonomic side of the PNS take care of?

A

It takes care of all actions that do not require any though, breathing, heart beat)
- self regulated actions

42
Q

What does the Somatic side of the PNS take are of?

A

All actions that your brain wishes to do. (arm movement, picking something up)
- voluntary movement

43
Q

What sections does the Autonomic system split into?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic.

44
Q

What does Parasympathetic do?

A

Arousing

45
Q

What does Sympathetic do?

A

Calming

46
Q

What protects your spinal cord?

A

Your backbone and spine (bones/skeletal systme)
- Vertebra

47
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Brain
- receives and processes sensory information, processes thoughts, stores memories, initiates responses and
emotions.
Spinal Cord
– conducts signals to and
from the brain, controls reflexes.

48
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

-Connects the CNS to the organs, limbs and skin.
-Carries messages on sensory and motor neurons.
-Divided into Somatic & Autonomic nervous systems.

49
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Large number of neurons bundled together.
- Neurons are specialised cells

50
Q

There is an insulating layer that cover nerves what is it called?

A

Myelin Sheath.

51
Q

_______ travel around the body via nerves.

A

Electro-magnetic impulses.

52
Q

Sense Organs are our receptors
- They send messages to the CNS telling it what happened through ___________

A

SENSORY NEURONS!

53
Q

Muscles and Glands are our effectors
- The CNS sends messages to them telling them what to do via __________

A

MOTOR NEURONS!

54
Q

What are Axons. What are their purpose?

A
  • The soma (cell body) connect to thin axons.
  • The axons carry the nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body.
  • Normally have the dots on the end.
55
Q

What are Dendrites. What are their purpose?

A
  • Nerve endings that branch out from cell body
  • Dendrites receive messages.
  • Connected to the axons of other neurons to receive this information and pass it on.
56
Q

True or False: Dendrites bring information to the cell,
and axons take information away from
the cell body.

A

True ;)

57
Q

Describe the structure of a sensory neuron:

A
  • Cell body hanging off the middle in a large blob.
  • Longer dendrites to receive more information from receptors more efficiently.
  • Shorter Axons to quicky give information to the CNS.
58
Q

Describe the structure of a motor neuron:

A
  • Cell body at the end connected to the dendrites
  • Longer axons to emit signals from CNS over distances to muscles and glands more efficiently.
  • Shorter dendrites to receive information quickly.
59
Q

Describe the Structure of a Relay Neuron:

A
  • Cell body also in the middle but not hanging off the main body.
  • Shorter in order to minimise time taken to send electro-magnetic impulses.
  • most common type of neuron.
60
Q

What is the purpose of the sensory neuron?

A

Transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all over the body

61
Q

What is the purpose of the motor neuron?

A

Take information away from the spinal cord and body and take it to muscles and glands.

62
Q

What is the purpose of the relay neuron?

A

Transmits nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.

63
Q

What are the steps in the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor ->Sensory Neuron -> Relay Neuron ->Motor neuron -> Effector -> Response.

64
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination and Balance

65
Q

What is the hypothalamus for?

A

Connects Endocrine and Nervous System.

66
Q

What is the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

Controlling all other glands.

67
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Conscious thought.

68
Q

Define a hormone

A

A hormone is a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that travels in the blood to activate target cells.

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