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EPHE 444 > Body Composition > Flashcards

Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 reasons for assessing body comp

A
  • Classify disease risk
  • Sport performance
  • Weight management
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2
Q

What are 7 common methods of measuring body comp

A
  • BMI
  • Waist circumference
  • Other anthropometric measurements
  • Densitometry
  • Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
  • Bioelectrical impedance
  • Skinfold measurements
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3
Q

Which methods of measuring body compare used by CSEP

A

BMI

Waist circumference

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4
Q

What methods are used to calculate %body fat

A
  • Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry
  • Bioelectrical impedance
  • Skinfold measurements
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5
Q

What is Body mass index

A

Indirect measure of body fatness -

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6
Q

How do you calculate BMI

A

kg/m^2

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7
Q

What does BMI not account for

A

Composition of fat mass vs FFM

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8
Q

What is the correlation coefficient of BMI with hydrostatic weighing

A

0.70

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9
Q

What are some of the downsides of BMI

A

Possible misclassifications of underweight, overweight, and obese status

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10
Q

A BMI of <18.5 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A

underweight

increased

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11
Q

A BMI of 18.5-24.9 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A

normal weight

Least

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12
Q

A BMI of 25-29.9 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A

Overweight

Increased

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13
Q

A BMI of 30-34.9 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A 
Obese class 1 
High
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14
Q

A BMI of 35-39.9 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A 
obese class 2 
Very high
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15
Q

A BMI of >40 has a BMI category of _____ and a BMI risk of ____

A 
obese class 3 
extremely high
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16
Q

Waist circumference is often used along with _____

A

BMI

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17
Q

What is waist circumference

A

Indirect assessment of abdominal adiposity

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18
Q

An increased waist circumference is associated with…

A

increased risk of disease

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19
Q

Where is the waist?

A

Iliac crest or level of belly button or at the narrowist part or the mimd point between the lowest rib and the iliac crest

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20
Q

What should the arm position be when measuring waist circumference

A

up across the chest

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21
Q

What should the tester position be when measuring waist circumference

A

off to the side - want to make sure tape is horizontal

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22
Q

When should you take the waist circumference measurement

A

at end of expiration

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23
Q

What are the pro of waist circumference

A

quick and easy to administer - dont need a lot of training

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24
Q

What are the con of waist circumference

A

Not giving %body fat

Variation in body shape

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25
Q

What is classified as high for WC for men? for women?

A

M >90

W >80

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26
Q

What is classified as very high for WC for men? for women?

A

M >100

W > 90

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27
Q

What is classified as extremely high for WC for men? for women?

A

M >110

W >105

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28
Q

What is the body mass index and BMI-WC range for a CSEP health risk rating of “least”

A

BMI - 18-24.9

BMI - WC - Normal weight & healthy WC

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29
Q

What is the body mass index and BMI-WC range for a CSEP health risk rating of “Increased”

A

BMI - <18,5 and 25-29.9

CMI-WC - Underweight

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30
Q

What is the body mass index and BMI-WC range for a CSEP health risk rating of “high”

A

BMI - 30-34.9

BMI-WC - Normal weight & unhealthy WC

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31
Q

What is the body mass index and BMI-WC range for a CSEP health risk rating of “Very high “

A

BMI - 35-39.9

BMI-WC - Overweight & unhealthy WC

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32
Q

What is the body mass index and BMI-WC range for a CSEP health risk rating of “extremely high”

A

BMI- >40

BMI-WC - obese & unhealthy WC

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33
Q

What type of athlete may have a BMI in the overweight category but a WC below the cutoff. are they at an increase health risk?

A

Resistance trained clients

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34
Q

What is anthropometry

A

measurement of the size and proportion of the human body

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35
Q

What are positive of anthropometric methods

A
  • Simple
  • Inexpensive
  • Well suited for large epidemiological surveys and clinical purposes
  • Minimal skill and training required
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36
Q

What are common anthropometric measures

A
  • Girth measurements
  • Widths
  • Breadths
  • Bone length
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37
Q

What are some limitations to skinfold measurements

A
  • Client sensitivity to having SKF measured
  • Substantial intra and inter-tester variability in SKF thickness
  • Time requirements for training, practice, and accurate administration
  • Not very reliable, lots of room for error
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38
Q

What is used for classification of body fatness

A

Relative body fat

% of fat mass to % of fat free mass

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39
Q

What is the healthy range of % body fat for men? what is considered obese?

A

teens

>22-25%

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40
Q

What is the healthy range of % body fat for women? what is considered obese?

A

twenties

> 35-38%

41
Q

What is densitometry

A

estimates body density by determining the ratio of body mass to body volume (BD = BM/BV)

42
Q

What are two methods of densitometry?

A
  1. Hydrostatic weighing (Hydrodensitometry)

2. Air displacement plethysmography (Bod pod)

43
Q

How does hydrostatic weighing work

A

Compares dry land weight to underwater weight

44
Q

Hydrostatic weighing is the criterion measure used for…

A

development of %BF prediction equations and validation of field measurements

45
Q

Is a leaner person going to have a higher or lower underwater weight compare to a person weighing the same but with a different body comp

A

More dense you sink (a leaner person will weigh more underwater)
if you are more fat you will sink less

46
Q

What does hydrostatic weighing measure

A

body volume

47
Q

Hydrostatic weighing measures body volume, used with body weight to calculate ____

A

body density

48
Q

What is the equation for body volume in hydrostatic weighing

A

((Dry water weight)-(underwater weight)/(density of the water)) - (RV + 100ml)

49
Q

What does RV stand for

A

Residual volume (remaining volume of air in lungs)

50
Q

What are the pros to hydrostatic weighing

A

Was once considered gold standard - very accurate

51
Q

What are the cons of hydrostatic weighing

A

Uncomfortable for participants to do

Estimations for some values

52
Q

What is the Siri equation for converting body density into %BF

A

%BF = (4.95/BD - 4.50) x 100

53
Q

What is the Brozek equation for converting body density to %BF

A

%BF = (4.57/BD - 4.142) x 100

54
Q

The _____ is the foundation for many technique to measure %BF

A

two component model

55
Q

What is the two component model

A

Body mass = Fat mass (FM) + fat-free mass (FFM)

56
Q

What is the density for FM

A

0.901 g/cc

57
Q

What is the density of FFM

A

1.100 g/cc

58
Q

When would someone have a lower density of FFM

A

osteoporoic

Variation in race

59
Q

What is the proportional contribution to FFM by water

A

73.8%

60
Q

What is the proportional contribution to FFM by minerals

A

6.8%

61
Q

What is the proportional contribution to FFM by protein

A

19.4%

62
Q

FFM density can vary substantially according to..

A 
age 
gender 
physical activity level 
ethnicity 
relative proportion of water and mineral and level of fatness
63
Q

When does the two component model work well

A

when underlying assumptions about FFM are met

64
Q

What are multicomponent models

A

Improve estimation of %BF by replacing reference body with a population specific body that takes into account age, gender, ethnicity, and level of physical activity

65
Q

What is air displacement plethysmography

A

BV by air displacement instead of water

66
Q

How does air displacement plethysmography work

A

2 chambers separated by a fibreglass wall. Front = client sits. Back = reference chamber.
Compares volume and pressure of front chamber with the reference chamber to determine the volume of the individual

67
Q

What are the pros of the bod pod

A
  • Quick
  • require less technician skill
  • Requires minimal client cooperation
  • Reliable (r = 0.9-0.96)
68
Q

What are the cons of the bod pod

A
  • Size restriction because of chamber size
  • may be more suitable in clinical settings
  • Not appropriate with hydrophobic clients
  • must have approve clothing and swim cap
  • No beards
69
Q

How does dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry work

A
  • Uses X-rays and a 3-component model of assessment
  • Bone mineral mass + bone free lean tissue + fat mass = total body weight
  • Looks at how x-ray travels through different body substances
70
Q

What is the attenuation of X-rays dependent on ?

A

Thickness
Density
Composition of tissues
- Different measure of X-ray strength depending on whether it is travelling through bone, muscle or fat

71
Q

What are the pros of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

A
  • Gaining recognition as criterion measure
  • Safe - low radiation
  • Quick ~20 mins
  • Requires minimal client cooperation
  • Estimates other components not obtained by densitometry and provides regional and segmental composition
    Reliable - R>0.95
72
Q

What are the cons of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

A
  • Each manufacturer comes with own model and software version
  • May require licensed technician to run scan
  • Not recommended for pregnant women
  • Some clients may not fit on dimensions of bed
73
Q

What are two common field methods of body composition

A
  • Bioelectrical impedance analysis

- Skinfold

74
Q

What are pros for field methods of body composition assessment

A
  • more practical for estimating body composition compared to laboratory methods
  • Must closely follow standardized testing procedures
75
Q

How does bioelectrical impedance work

A

measures resistance to electric current to estimate %BF

76
Q

A muscle cell is __% water

A

75%

77
Q

A fat cell is ___% water

A

5-13%

78
Q

Water ____ resistance and currents move ___

A

reduces

easily

79
Q

Dehydration or adipose tissue ___ current

A

slows current

80
Q

Does current move quicker through lean or fat tissue

A

lean

81
Q

___ determines resistance of tissues to flow of electrical current

A

hydration level

82
Q

What is an important consideration for bioelectrical impedance

A

To follow pre-test guidelines - water intake!

83
Q

What are the pros of bioelectrical impedance

A
  • Fairly inexpensive
  • Easily administered and minimal training required
  • Quick - provides results instantly
84
Q

What are the cons of bioelectrical impedance

A
  • Variability (3-8%)
  • pre-test guidelines
  • Electrical pathway? Ankle to hand vs. ankle to ankle
85
Q

Skin fold measurements are correlated with body density from hydrostatic weighing, what is the coefficient of correlation?

A

0.76

86
Q

SKF indirectly measure…

A

Thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue

87
Q

What are 7 common sites to take skinfolds?

A
  • Subscapular
  • Suprailiac
  • Abdominal
  • Chest
  • Arm
  • Thigh
  • Medial calf
88
Q

SKF is a good measure of _____

A

subcutaneous fat

89
Q

There is a strong correlation between 12-site SKF and ____

A

MRI

90
Q

Fat distribution (subcutaneous vs. internal) is ___ for all individuals within each gender

A

similar

91
Q

Leaner individuals will have a higher proportion of ____

A

internal fat

92
Q

There is a relationship between sum of SKF and

A

body density

93
Q

The sum of several SKF can be used to…

A

estimate total body fat -

94
Q

It is estimated that ___ of body fat is subcutaneous

A

1/3

95
Q

What side of the body do you take SKF measurements on

A

the right side of the body

96
Q

How long do you take the skinfold reading for

A

3 seconds after releasing caliper tension

97
Q

What are the pros of skinfolds

A
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Easily administered by trained individuals
  • Can estimate %BF
  • Reliable (r=0.9) with experienced testers
98
Q

What are the cons to skinfold testing?

A
  • requires practice
  • Limited population - overfat, fascia, etc.
  • Variability in equations

EPHE 444 (5 decks)

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