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Y1S1- Fundamentals of Medicine > Body Basics > Flashcards

Body Basics Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer containing cholesterol for stability and various proteins, in contact with cytoplasm, intercellular space and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

glycocalyx

A

molecules for cell-cell recognition, communication and adhesion

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3
Q

ECM

A

network of molecules (secreted by cells) that provides structural support, adhesion and communication to surrounding cells eg. Plasma is the ECM of blood

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4
Q

membranous organelles

A

membranes create cell compartments or separate processes

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5
Q

examples of membranous organelles

A

nucleus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome

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6
Q

examples of non membranous organelles

A

ribosomes, flagella, cilia, centrosomes

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7
Q

cytoskeleton components

A

actin microfilaments, tubulin microtubules, intermediate filaments

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8
Q

function of actin microfilaments

A

cell movement, cell shape changes, microvilli structure

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9
Q

function of tubular microtubules

A

structural support, intra/extracellular transport, spindle in cell division

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10
Q

function of intermediate filaments

A

membrane support, localisation of organelles

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11
Q

kinesin motors

A

structures that carry organelles along microtubules/nerves using ATP hydrolysis

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12
Q

endocytosis examples

A
  • Phagocytosis- cell membrane invaginates to engulf large molecules in a phagosome
  • Receptor mediated (specific) endocytosis- clathrin forms a coat with deforms cell membrane to produce a vesicle in which molecules are taken into the cell eg. Insulin, LDL
  • Non-specific endocytosis- a liposome containing large molecules fuses with lipid layer and contents are released into cell
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13
Q

exocytosis examples

A
  • Constitutive secretion= newly synthesised cell membrane components (released from Golgi in lysosomes) fuse with CM randomly
  • Regulated secretion= hormone stimulates above process
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14
Q

4 major tissue groups

A

epithelia, connective, nervous, muscle

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15
Q

epithelia functions

A
  • Functions= exchange, transport, protection, secretion

- Form boundaries between environments and must be crossed by substances entering or leaving internal environment

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16
Q

what is epithelia formed from?

A

all 3 embryological layers

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17
Q

epithelia tissue general structure

A
  • Highly cellular (regenerate rapidly due to friction) with little ECM and avascular so substances must diffuse to and from blood
  • Cells are polarised, apical surfaces have microvilli to maximise surface area and bases have basement membranes for mechanical support
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18
Q

simple epithelia

A

one layer

19
Q

shapes of epithelial cells

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

20
Q

simple squamous cells examples and function

A

functions: filtration, diffusion, osmosis and secretion (little protection as it is thin)
examples: heart lining, blood vessels, lymphatics, alveoli

21
Q

stratified cells function

A

protection due to regenerative capacity and multiple layers

22
Q

cuboidal and columnar tissue function

A

secretion (bigger cells have more space to synthesise) and absorption (except stratified squamous)

23
Q

simple cuboidal cells examples

A

Ovary, pigmented layer of retina, kidney tubules

24
Q

simple columnar examples

A

GI tract lining, gall bladder, fallopian tubes

25
Q

stratified cuboidal cells

A

Ducts of sweat glands

26
Q

stratified squamous cells

A

Skin (keratinised), mouth/oesophagus (non keratinsed)

27
Q

stratified columnar cells

A

Urethra lining, large gland ducts

28
Q

glands

A

epithelia that secrete and store products like hormones

29
Q

goblet cells

A

unicellular glands

30
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless so hormones are released directly into extra cellular fluid or blood to travel to target organs

31
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products through a duct onto epithelium

32
Q

3 types of exocrine glands:

A
  • Merocrine- secretory product released from glandular cell in exocytosis
  • Apocrine- vesicle containing products is secreted from glandular cell
  • Holocrine- glandular cell dies and become secretory product
33
Q

how are epithelial cells tightly associated?

A

intracellular junctions

34
Q

tight junction structure and function

A

made of occuludins- interlocking protein links fuse membranes to give small intercellular space that limits permeability between cells

35
Q

gap junction structure and function

A

connexons (protein tubes) allow transport between cells)

36
Q

desmosome junction structure and function

A

cadherins (cell adhesion molecules)- gives stability to tissue

37
Q

connective tissue function

A

support, load-bearing, protection, binding and transport

  • not inert but responds to environments
  • poor repair potential
38
Q

basic structure of connective tissue, fluid and support

A
  • Actual connective tissue = fat, ligaments
  • Fluid= blood, lymph
  • Supporting= bone, cartilage
39
Q

Structure of Connective Tissues

A
  • Extensive ECM for structural and biochemical support and few cells
  • Through ECM, varying compositions of interstitial fluid, nerves, cells and capillaries
  • Load bearing, dense tissues like cartilage have low vascularity while loose tissue like adipose have high vascularity
40
Q

structure of ECM in connective tissue

A

Framework of extracellular fibres (collagen, elastin fibres and reticular fibres) with ground substance (proteoglycan molecules) filling gap between famework and any other structures present (cells, nerves, blood vessels and fluid)

41
Q

collagens, elastic fibres, reticular fibres functions in connective tissue

A
  • Collagens= tensile strength
  • Elastic fibres= elasticity
  • Reticular fibres= thinner and branching
42
Q

integrins

A

proteins that signal between ECM and metabolic systems, allowing it to react to its environment

43
Q

proteoglycans

A

highly hydrated molecules allowing compressive strength

Y1S1- Fundamentals of Medicine (11 decks)

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