BMS1058 - Cell physiology Flashcards by Anya Anderson

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy - science of body structures and their relationships

Physiology - science of body functions

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What are the 4 tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and nervous

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What is the Integumenatry system?

Skin andassociated struxtures (hair, nails, glands etc).

Protects body, regulates body temp, sensation…

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What does the lymphatic system do?

Returns proteins and fluid t the blood, transports lipids from GI tract, immune functions…

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What are the steps in the foodback loop/system?

Monitor, evaluate, effect change, re-monitor

Receptor -> control centre -> effector

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What is the afferent and efferent pathways in feedbak loops?

Afferent pathway = input (towards CNS)
Efferent pathways = output (away from CNS)

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What are the names of the sensory receptors based on location?

Exteroceptors
Interoreceptors / Visceroceptors
Proprioceptors

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Where are Exteroceptros located? What do they do?

Located near external surfaces of body. Provide info about external environment.

e.g. hearing, vision, smell, taste, pressure, temperature etc

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Where are Interoceptros located? What do they do?

Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and the NS.

Provide info about internal environment.

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Where are Proprioceptros located? What do they do?

In muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear.

Provide info about body position, joint movement and muscle length and tension.

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What are the different sensory receptors based on type of stimulus?

Mechanoreceptors - respond to stretching/bending/pressure/movement etc

Nociceptors - repond to pain

Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors

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What is a positive feedback loop? Give examples of neg and pos.

When change occurs in the same direction as original stiulus.

Neg: blood pressure change
Pos: childbirth

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What is interstitual fluid?

The fluid between cells of tissues

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What fluid is in the CNS? And joints? Eyes?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Synovial fluid

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

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What is the difference between free and encapsulated nerve endings?

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Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. - what are the amphipathic molecules? What are intergral and peripheral proteins?

Lipid bilayer:

Amphipathic molecules (polar/non-polar) - phospoholipids, cholesterol (weakly amphipathic), glycolipids

Integral proteins - embedded, transmembrane, amphipathic.
E.g. glycoproteins etc

Peripheral proteins - not as firmly embedded, attatched to polar heads of lipids/intergral proteins e.g. Glycocalyx

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What is Glycocalyx?

A sugar coating - carbohydrates of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Function: recognition, adhesion

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What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Barrier, control, identification, signalling

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What are the different Plasma membrane proteins?

Ion channels
Carrier Proteins

Receptors
Enzymes (e.g. lactase on membrane)

Anchor Proteins
Cell identity markers

Give an example of a plasma membrane receptor functioning.

Antidiuretic homrone (ADH) binds to receptors in kindeys and changes water permeability of certain membranes.

Describe ion channels and Carrier proteins/transports.

Transport of polar substances

Ion channels - pore in membrane for specific ions can flow through. Always open.

Carrier proteins - transports specific substances across membrane by undergoing conformation change - e.g. transport of amino acids

Describe channel mediated fascilitated diffusion

There are numerous K+ and Cl- ion channels and fewer Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels.

Slower than free diffusion as limited by number of channels.

Gated - change shape to allow ion to flow. Regulated by chemical/electrical charge.

What are aquaporins?

Water channels - bi-directional, movement down osmotic gradient

Describe anchor filaments and proteins.

Anchor filaments - providde structural stability and shape within a cell
Anchor proteins - link adjacent cells together

Integral and peripheral

What do cell identity markers do?

Distinguish your cells from anyone else's.

What gradients do cell membranes have?

Concentration gradients Electrical gradients (difference in pos and neg ions -> membrane potential) Electrochemical gradients (combination of the above)

Glucose, galactose and fructose move across membranes by which transport proteins?

Carrier proteins

What is the difference between Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic solution?

Hypotonic solution * Lower concentration of solute than cytosol * Water enters cells faster than it leaves * Cells swell and rupture - lysis Hypertonic solution * Higher concentration of solute than cytosol * Water leaves cells faster than it enters * Cells shrink – crenation Isotonic = equal conc as inside and outside of cell

What are some clinical uses of hyper- and hypotonic solutions?

Hypertonic - cerebral oedoma - Removes water from interstitial fluid into blood. Kidneys excrete excess water. Hypotonic - Dehydration - water moves from blood to intersituial fluid to cells

What do endo and exocytosis require?

ATP

What are the different types of Endocytosis?

Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis aka 'cell drinking')

What is transcytosis?

Transport pf molecules aross the cell (both endo and exocytosis)

What are the different parts of the cytoskeleton in the cytosol?

Microfilaments - actin and myosin, movement and support Intermediate filaments - thicker, stabalise position of organelles etc Microtubules - largest, unbranched hollow tubes, tubulin, cell shape, organelle movement

What does the smooth ER do?

SMOOTH FA and steroid synthesis. Detoxifies drugs - repeated exposure to drugs can lead to tolerance

What do Peroxisomes contain? How are they different to lysosomes?

Contain oxidases (remove H atoms), Processes AAs, FAs and toxic substances. Lysosomes contain enzymes that degrade substances while peroxisomes contain enzymes for the oxidation of compounds and generation of energy.

Describe sodium-potasssium pumps. What enzyme is involved?

* Pump Na+ into the extracellular fluid against Na+ gradient * Pump K+ into the cytosol against K+ gradient * Leak back down their electrochemical gradient ATPase enzyme

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Primary: - Energy from ATP hydrolysis - Changes the shape of a carrier protein - Pumps solute against its concentration gradient - Uses ATP Secondary: - Uses energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient to move solutes against their conc gradient (potential energy--> kinetic energy) - indirect use of ATP

What are symporters and antiporters?

SYMPORTERS - Move substances in same direction ANTIPORTERS - Move substances in opposite direction (Secondary active transport)

How does Digitalis help heart failure?

Slows Na+/K+ pump. Na+ accumulates in heart muscle - decreased conc gradient. Na+/Ca2+ antiporters slow and Ca2+ accumulates. Increased force of muscle contraction

Why do cells age?

- Limited cell division - Telomeres - Glucose increasing cross-links between glycoproteins, decreasing elasticity - Autoimmune response - Free radicals and oxidative damage - Pollution, food, radiation etc

________ tissue has a continuous capacity fro renewal (e.g. stem cells in skin/gut). ________ tissue's capacity to renew is related to blood supply (e.g bone) _________ tissue has poor capacity for renewal as cells don't divide rapidly enough. ________ tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal and does not normally undergo mitosis. ____ cells do not undergo mitosis.

Epithelial Connective Muscular, cardiac Nervous

If _________ cells are involved, tissue regeneration is possible.

Parenchymal cells

What can happen if stromal fibroblasts are involved?

Replacment tissue will be new connective tissue. Fibrosis - scar tissue formed Function of tissue may be impaired.

What factors affect tissue repair?

Nutrition - protein and vitamins Blood circulation - oxygen, nutrients and antibodies Age - thinner epithelial cells, fragile connective tissues etc

What can cause cancer?

Carcinogens - environmental (smoking, UV, food etc), chemical agents, radiation -> induce mutations in our genes Oncogenic viruses -stimulate abnormal cell proliferation Chronic inflammation

What are some cancer treatments?

Surgery Chemotherapy Radtiation Immunotherapy Targeted therapy Stem cell transplant Hormone therapy