BM1022

Question 1

Paul enrlich

Answer 1

Discovered chemotherapeutic agent to treat syphilis

Question 2

Edward Jenner

Answer 2

He pioneered the vaccination before world war 2 (1940s)

Question 3

Successes of treatment and prevention

Answer 3

Small pox virus no longer exists in a viable form

Vaccination programmes for polio have all but eliminated the disease form the wesern world

Question 4

Classification of life

Answer 4

Archaea
Bacteria
Eucarya

Question 5

Prokaryote

Answer 5

Pro (primitive) karyote (nucleus)
Bacteria alone possess this cell type
No membrane apart from cytoplasmic
Are very small bc the cell structures required to function are minimal

Question 6

Eukaryotes

Answer 6

Ey (true/normal)
Microbes with this cells are fungi
Protozoa, and multicellular parasites
Have membrane bound structure

Question 7

Viruses

Answer 7

Not cells
Must associate with a living cell in order to reproduce
Carry genetic info, have no membranes and can’t generate energy

Question 8

Prions

Answer 8

Only protein, no cellular structure

No nucleic acid

Question 9

Basic principles of microbial physiology related to smallness

Answer 9

The smaller the cell the greater the surface volume ratio

Small cells have more efficient exchange with the environment
Cell size is said to be inversely related metabolic rate and thus growth
Infection must be taken seriously and treated IMMEDIATELY

Question 10

Prokaryote cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 10

No sterols generally
Respiration is associated with the bacterial plasma membrane. Respiration is a process which consumes oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide and results in the liberation of energy

Question 11

Cell walls

Answer 11

Most microbes possess a cell wall, expectioms include mycoplasma and Protozoa

Question 12

Cell wall of bacteria

Answer 12

Function; confers rigidity, shape and integrity

Lysozyme removes cell wall- leads to lysis

Question 13

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

Answer 13

Possess a thicker and simpler wall than gram negative

Wall is structurally complex with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide

Question 14

Gram staining reaction and therapy

Answer 14

Antibiotics like penicillin inhibit synthesis of new cell wall material by preventing cross-linking chemical bridges forming between adjacent peptidoglycan chains. Gram negative organisms are insensitive to penicillin- outer membrane responsible

Question 15

Bacteria

Answer 15

Prokaryotic cells which generally lack membrane bound organelles

Small, simple felled, shapes described as bacillus, coccus, and spiral

Cell walls: are mostly rendered rigid by a complex carb termed peptidoglycan

They decide by binary fission (two equal daughter cells produced ) sexual reproduction rare

Question 16

Classification of bacteria

Answer 16

Within the prokaryotic kingdom, bacteria are assigned two names, a genus and a species

E.G. Staphylococcus aureus

Question 17

Structure of bacteria

Answer 17

The cell wall structure of bacteria is differentiated into 2 groups by the gram stain- as either having s thick layer of peptidoglycan rich in teichoic acids (GP-blue) or thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (GM-red/pink)

Extra cellular structures enable motility, attachment and transfer of genetic material
Which may enhance virulence and include dim raw, pili, flagella and capsule

Question 18

Morphology of bacteria

Answer 18

Cocci (round)
Bacilli (rod)
Spiral (corkscrew)

Question 19

Bacteria growth requirements

Answer 19

Aerobes- those that require oxygen for growth

Facultative anaerobes - those that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

Anaerobes- those that are inhibited by oxygen

Question 20

Diagnosis of bacterial infection

Answer 20

Relies of culturing the bacteria from a clinically infected site using a medium with nutrients solidified by agar
Specific antibody detection in the patient is also utilised but is of limited value because of the general similarity between bacteria