blurting Flashcards
which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue general sensory
lingual (trigeminal)
which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue special sensory
chorda tympanum (facial)
which nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue motor
hypoglossal
which is the only lingual muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal and which nerve innervates it
Palatoglossus - vagus
associated iwth the soft palate
which is the only lingual muscle not innervated by the hypoglossal and which nerve innervates it
Palatoglossus - vagus
associated iwth the soft palate
which nerve innervates the posterior third of the tongue - special sensory
glossopharyngeal
what does vitamin K do
clotting
why antibiotics bad with warfarin
microbiome makes vit K, warfarin thins blood
what is vit b9
folate
sources of b9
animal sources
water soluble vits
b and c
fat soluble vits
adek
where are most vits absorbed
jejunum
what is absorbed in the duodenum
cations
how is vit b12 absorbed
haptocorrin intrinsic factor from stomach, acidic pepsin environment, transcobalamin in distal ileum, endocytosis of complex, 50% to liver
what are the branches of teh coeliac trunk
left gastric, common hepatic, splenic
what are the branches of the left gastric
oesophageal branches
what are the branches of common hepatic
hepatic artery proper, gastroduodenal, right gastric
how do you identify gastroduodenal
goes down at a right angle
what are the splenic artery branches
short gastric, left gastroepiploic
what comes off gastroduodenal artery (2)
right gastroepiploic, superior pancreaticoduodenal
what comes off the superior mesenteric artery
jejunal and ileal branches, MRI colic
what does the marginal artery innervate
splenic flexure of LI
what do the jejunal arteries look like
long vasa recta, few low arcades
what do the ileal arteries look like
short vasa recta, loads of arcades
where are the ileal and jejunal arteries
inside the mesentary
peritoneum between liver and diaphragm
coronary ligament
peritoneum between liver and stomach
lesser omentum
gap in lesser omentum to access the lesser sacv
epiploic foramen
what is inside the hepatoduodenal ligament
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct
what is three things inside the hepatoduodenal ligament called
portal triad
what are the immune cells inside liver sinusoids called
Kupffer cells
what do kupffer cells look like and where are they
inside the endothelium of the sinusoids
what is vit b3
niacin
what is the pathology of niacin deficiency
pellagra
what are the symptoms of pellagra
DDDD
Dermatitis dementia diarrhoea death
vit b1 is??
thiamin
what is intrinsic factor deficiency
pernicious anaemia
what sort of anaemia is pernicious anaemia
macrocytic (megaloblastic) anaemia
how do you diagnose pancreatitid
too much amylase or lipase in the blood
what is the first enzyme released that activates trypsin
enterokinase
where are brunners glands
duodenum
what are the gastric pit cells and what do they secrete
parietal - HCl and intrinsic factor
chief - pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G - gastrin
S - secretin (stimulates G cels)
ECL (muffin cells) - histamine
D cells - somatostatin (shuts the whoel thing down)
how do you identify duodenum in histology
brunners glands
what are the 3 layers of anterior abdominal muscle
rectus abdominus
internal oblique,
external oblique
transverse abdominus
what is the direction of internal oblique fibres
anterior to superior
what are the attachments of the abdominal aponeurosis
ASIS and pubic tubercle
what passes under inguinal ligament
femoral nerve artery vein
how do yu get ricketts
Vit D deficiency
what’s the adult version of ricketts
osteomalacia
what’s vitamin a deficiency
eye problems, night blindness, xerophthalmia - dry spots
when is vit A supplement absolutely contraindicated
pregnancy - teratogen
how do people normally get vit A toxicity
too much supplements
acute vit A toxicity symptoms
increased intracranial pressure
acute vit A toxicity symptoms
increased intracranial pressure
acute vit A toxicity symptoms
increased intracranial pressure
acute vit A toxicity symptoms
increased intracranial pressure
chronic vit A toxicity
eyebrow alopoecia
what is iodine used for
sysnthesis of thyroid hormones
what happens in utero if iodine deficiency
poor cognition
def mute
poor MSK development
more abortion
more stillbirth
what is intestines born outside the baby called
omphalocele
what is in the greater omentum
fat and epiploic arteries
what vitamin is TPP derived from
thiamin (B1)
what is the role of thiamine in the link reaction
co factor to PDC
what is a pathology associated with thiamin deficeincy
beri beri
what are the 2 sorts of beri beri and what do they do
wet - cardiovascular
dry - neuropathic
what is the triad of Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
ophthalmoplegia (normally lateral nystagmus)
ataxia
confusion
when do you get Wernicke encephalopathy
beri beri
when do you get korsakoff syndrome
alcohol abuse induced malnutrition
which cells have GLUT1 transporters
all
which cells have GLUT2 transporters
liver, SI, pancreas
what is unique about GLUT2 transporters
high Km, therefore glucose sensors
what cells have GLUT4 transporters
muscle and adipose tissue
what 2 molecules modulate the ileal brake
PYY and GLP-1 promote satiety and slows the further emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum.
What glucose transporter is described here: Found in the brain, neurons, sperm + is insulin independent, has low Km and high affinity?
GLUT 3
