Blood Transfusions and Blood Products **** Flashcards
Blood should only be given if strictly necessary and there is no alternative.
Blood should only be given if strictly necessary and there is no alternative.
Group and save (G&S) requests:
What is its purpose?
It consists of a blood group and an antibody screen to determine the patient’s group and whether or not they have atypical red cell antibodies in their blood.
Just in case transfusion is needed in emergency surgery
Products:
WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION IS RARELY USED!!!
Red cells:
- The haematocrit is packed to approximately 70%. What does haematocrit mean?
- What is it used to correct?
Platelets - when is it needed?
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP):
- What does this contain?
- Why is it used in warfarin overdose?
- What may cause lack of clotting factors?
- How long does it take to thaw?
- What is a disadvantage?
If they are actively bleeding or they have a low count
The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
Anaemia or blood loss
Clotting factors
Due to vit K being to slow to reverse it
Liver disease
TTP, DIC etc.
Major haemorrhage
15 mins - some hospitals have pre-thawed FFP
It has to be given with a lot of fluid so can’t be used if someone has kidney dysfunction
Products:
WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION IS RARELY USED!!!
Human albumin solution:
- When would this need to be used?
Cryoprecipitate:
- What does it have?
- When is it used?
- It needs to be thawed.
- How many adult doses does it have?
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC):
- What does it contain?
- When is it therefore used?
- What is a brand name for this?
In those who are fluid overloaded with liver or kidney disease.
Fibrinogen
Major haemorrhage - THINK OF EARLY
2 bags given
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Vit K dependent clotting factors - so the ones made by the liver
Reversal of warfarin
Beriplex IV
You can also give IV Vit K +tranexamic acid
Complications of transfusions:
Early (within 24 hrs):
- What will happen if the blood type or Rhesus is not the same?
- What does being Rhesus +ve mean?
- What blood type can receive any type of blood (universal recipient) but can only donate to the same type?
- What blood type can only receive the same type but can donate to all types?
- What are some signs of an allergic reaction?
Haemolysis due to antibodies (immune system attacks)
If you’re rhesus positive (RhD positive), it means that a protein (D antigen) is found on the surface of your red blood cells. Most people are RhD positive. If you’re rhesus negative (RhD negative), you do not have the D antigen on your blood cells.
If you have type AB blood, you have both A and B antigens. This means you’re a universal recipient and you can receive any type of blood. However, you can only donate blood to other people who have type AB blood.
O blood
http://www.thebloodcenter.org/donor/BloodFacts.aspx
Anaphylaxis
Febrile reactions
Itch
Urticaria
Complications of transfusions:
Delayed (after 24 hrs):
- What infections can be acquired?
- Why does iron overload occur, especially in RBC products?
- What is TRALI and TACO?
HIV
Hep B/C
Viruses
Since red blood cells contain iron, each time you get a red blood cell transfusion you are putting more iron in your body. Your body has no good way to get rid of the extra iron. This iron can build up in your vital organs and may injure them over time.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but serious syndrome characterized by sudden acute respiratory distress following transfusion.
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is a common transfusion reaction in which pulmonary edema develops primarily due to volume excess or circulatory overload.
Massive blood transfusion:
What is meant by a massive transfusion?
How much is 1 unit of blood?
Replacement of the whole blood volume (>10 units within 24hrs)
Between 8-12 pints of blood are in the body of an average adult. 08. One unit of blood is ~525 mL, which is roughly the equivalent of one pint.
ABO:
What are the 4 blood groups?
What blood group can give a transfusion to anyone?
What blood group can only receive a transfusion from it’s own type?
A, B, AB and O
O
O
LOOK UP THE TABLE
What can be used to help treat major haemorrhage in a systematic fashion and helps multiple teams work together?
A major haemorrhage protocol
See major haemorrhage in emergencies
