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Anatomy Exam 1 Content > Blood stuff > Flashcards

Blood stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Describe blood

A

-atypical connective tissue -carries nutrients, o2, & waste

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2
Q

Describe plasma

A

-anti coagulants needed for purification
-the noncellular liquid part of blood
-92% water
- WBC (+ platelets) & RBC present

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3
Q

Describe serum

A

-serum=plasma-clotting factors
- no anti coagulants needed
-no fibrinogen

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4
Q

What are the 3 major classes of plasma proteins?

A

-albumin
-globulins
-fibrinogen

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5
Q

What is the concentration of protein in plasma?

A

8g d/L

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6
Q

Which immunoglobulins is most abundant in normal animals?

A

IgG (immunoglobulins = antibodies)

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7
Q

When amino acid concentration in tissue cells decreases below that of plasma, what happens?

A

amino acids enter the cells and are used for synthesis of essential plasma and proteins to reach equilibrium once more

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8
Q

WBC are also known as

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

RBC are also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

Platelets are also known as

A

Thrombocytes

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11
Q

What does a high count of granulocytes indicate?

A

Infection or allergies

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12
Q

What is a granule?

A

small vacuoles in cytoplasm that destroy bacteria

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13
Q

What are granulocytes?
(not what kind are there)

A

WBCs that include granules (proteins)

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14
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

-Lymphoytes (smaller)
-Monocytes (larger)

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15
Q

What are the granulocytes ?

A

-Neutrophil
-Eosiniphil
-Basophil

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16
Q

Neutrophil traits:

A

-segmented nucleus
-first line of defense against infection
-lots of phagocytosis
-most common wbc
-produced in bone marrow
-dead neutrophils = pus

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17
Q

Neutrophil principal function:

A

primary line of defense against most bacterial and fungal pathogens

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18
Q

Basophil traits

A

-produced in bone marrow
-prominent purple granules (blackberry?)
-minimal phagocytosis
-least common wbc

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19
Q

Basophil principal function:

A

defend from allergens, pathogens, and parasites

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20
Q

Eosinophil traits:

A

-produced in bone marrow
-prominent pink granules (raspberry?)
-associated w/ parasites and allergies

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21
Q

Eosinophil principal function:

A

defend from allergens & parasites

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22
Q

How long to granular wbcs circulate/last?

A
  • Circulate in blood 6-20hrs
  • in tissues for 2-3 days
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23
Q

Lymphocyte traits:

A

-Produced in lymphatic tissue
-re-circulates throughout blood & tissues repeatedly
-Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio (think moon sliver)

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24
Q

Lymphocyte principal function:

A

antibody production & immune response

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25
Q

How long do Lymphocytes circulate?

A

T-cells go from 100-200 days
B-cells go 2-4
Memory cells can live years

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26
Q

Monocyte traits:

A

-produced in bone marrow
-largest wbc
-u-shaped nucleus
-strong phagocytes
-in tissues: called macrophages

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27
Q

Monocyte principal function:

A

eliminating infected cells. (germs, bacteria, fungi, etc.)

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28
Q

How long do monocytes circulate?

A

In tissue: several months
In blood: 24 hrs

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29
Q

Differential count vs. Absolute count

A

personnel counts 100 of each to get % (Differential) vs. total # of wbcs taken from total # x % of differential (Absolute)

30
Q

What are components of the hematocrit?

A

-relative proportion of cells to plasma
-components (wbc, rbc, & platelets) can be separated by centrifuge into lower portion of tube

31
Q

What accounts for the color of blood/plasma?

A

-Blood is red due to hemoglobin contained within erythrocytes. Red>Blue depending on o2 levels

-Plasma is yellow>colorless due to presence of bilirubin and absence of hemoglobin. Darker yellow in the cases of high bilirubin counts

32
Q

Blood volume formula

A

BV= 8-10% of bodyweight

BV=plasma volume/1-hematocrit

33
Q

Blood pH

A

7.4

34
Q

Venous blood pH

A

7.2-7.3, because more co2 is present (more acidic)

35
Q

Leukocytes are classified into ______

A

Agranular or Granular wbcs

36
Q

Which WBC is most prevelant in dogs, cats, & horses?

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

Which WBC is most prevalent in goats, sheep, & cows?

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increase in leukocyte numbers, usually in bacterial infections.

39
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in leukocyte numbers, early stages of viral infections.

40
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of wbcs (leukocytosis 2.0)

41
Q

Methemoglobin

A

ferrous iron of heme is oxidized, and therefore o2 transport stops

42
Q

Monoxyhemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide occupies where o2 would be

43
Q

myoglobin

A

hemoglobin of muscle, only carries 1 o2 instead of 4

44
Q

Production of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoeisis

45
Q

Average concentration of hemoglobin in domestic animals

A

12 g/dL

46
Q

Where does RBC production occur during different life stages?

A

prenatal: liver, spleen, bone marrow

postnatal: exclusively bone marrow

47
Q

Reticulocytes relate to the lifespan of erythrocytes because:

A

Reticulocytes are young red blood cells which develop from erythroblasts and circulate in the bloodstream for about 1–4 days before maturing into erythrocytes.

48
Q

What substance controls erythropoiesis? Where?

A

-tissue need for o2
-bone marrow

49
Q

MCV

A

Mean corpuscular volume

50
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

51
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

52
Q

Define anemia

A

-blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells
-not enough o2 rich blood

53
Q

Define polycythemia

A

an increase in the absolute red blood cell (RBC) mass in the body

54
Q

Sequence of events from vascular injury > normal

A
  1. Damage, vasoconstriction, adhesion
  2. platelet recruitment/aggregation, initiation of fibrin formation, primary hemostatic plug
  3. fibrin reinforcement, thrombus formation
  4. clot retraction
  5. endothelial repair
55
Q

Principal component of clotting factors

A

Proteins

56
Q

Major sites of protein synthesis

A

liver, plasma, vascular endothelium

57
Q

Vitamin required for coagulation

A

Vitamin K

58
Q

Chemical element required for hemostatic rxns

A

Ca2+

59
Q
A
60
Q

Substance in basement membrane of capillaries

A

collagen

61
Q

First response of platelets to disrupted endothelium

A

adhesion to surface

62
Q

What is the ‘spark’ for coagulation

A

Tissue factor

63
Q

When does the extrinsic system kick in

A

at III

64
Q

When do the extrinsic/intrinsic system meet?

A

X

65
Q

What are the 4 key reactions involved in formatting a clot?

A
  1. Activation of IX
  2. Activation of X
  3. Formation of thrombin
  4. Fibrin formation
66
Q

Significance of factor XIII

A

Final step of blood coagulation

67
Q

Minute range for capillary coagulation tube method

A

2-5 mins

68
Q

Why would low platelet count associate w/ delayed coagulation?

A

Because platelets supply various factors to coagulation to form plugs

69
Q

How is dicoumarol associated w/ coagulation defects?

A

It interferes with utilization of vitamin K & prothrombin production

70
Q

Why would liver disease cause coagulation defects?

A

it plays a central role in clotting, issues with the liver create issues with inhibitor factors.

71
Q

how is vWF associated w/ coagulation defects?

A

platelet aggregates are poorly lodged and have a greater chance of being removed. (von Wilebrand disease)

72
Q

Why does blood drawn from birds coagulate differently?

A

the lack of IX activation pathway

Anatomy Exam 1 Content (3 decks)

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