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HISTO Block B > Blood Review > Flashcards

Blood Review Flashcards

1
Q

Give average life span of RBC.

A

120 days

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2
Q

Give 3 specific granules of basophils

A

Histamines, slow reacting substance, chemotactic factors

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3
Q

What is the difference between asthma and anaphylaxis

A

Asthma – localized, anaphylaxis – systemic or global

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4
Q

Which cells spend greatest percentage of its mature life in peripheral blood?

A

RBC

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5
Q

Peripheral blood is related to what?

A

Functionally, developmentally and genetically related to connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the shape of RBC?

A

Biconcave disc

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7
Q

Define microcyte and macrocyte.

A

9 µm

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8
Q

What causes hemolysis?

A

Hypotonicity or hemolytic agents

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9
Q

What causes crenation?

A

NOT by hypertonicity, but by decreased ATP, lysolecithin, and some fatty acids and lipids in cell membranes

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10
Q

Sickle cell anemia - Position X on X chain has X substituted for X forming HbS.

A

6, beta, valine, glutamic acid

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11
Q

What is the definition of hematocrit?

A

% volume of packed erythrocytes (measures the oxygen carrying capacity of blood)

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12
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma lacking fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic characteristic of plasma Contain a well defined Golgi and rough ER What are 3 components of plasma?

A

Water (91-92%), proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), and electrolytes (critical for homeostasis)

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14
Q

What are 3 main proteins in plasma?

A

Albumin (most prevalent: contributes most to the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of blood), globulin, fibrinogen (involved primarily in clotting rxns)

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15
Q

What are stacks of erythrocytes called?

A

Rouleaux

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16
Q

What are three components of erythrocytes?

A

Water (66%), hemoglobin (33%), mix of lipids, carbs and other proteins (1%)

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17
Q

What are two anticoagulants when you are trying to isolate plasma?

A

Heparin and sodium citrate

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18
Q

What are contained in the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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19
Q

Give 2 structures that are in hyalomere and their function.

A

Microtubules (tubulin) – maintain shape

Microfilaments (actin) – clot contraction

20
Q

Give 3 structures that are in granulomere and their function.

A

Fibrinogen – clotting factors
ADP, ATP, Serotonin and histamine – facilitate “stickiness” of clot formation
Hydrolytic enzymes – resorption of the clot

21
Q

Describe two organelles systems in the granulomeres.

A

Dense tubular system – similar to smooth ER with Ca2+

Open canalicular systems – similar to the T tubule system in muscles

22
Q

Thrombin catalyzes conversion of what to what.

A

Fibrinogen to fibrin

23
Q

Describe the multistep conversion occurring in the degranulation of platelets.

A

Thromboplastin -> prothrombin -> thrombin Then thrombin catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

24
Q

What is the difference between red and white thrombus?

A

White – platelets only, red – platelets + fibrin

Fibrin – fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood

25
Q

What is the cause of hereditary ellipsocytosis and hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Deficiencies or defects in spectrin

26
Q

In erythroblastosis fetalis X fetus elicits X mom to produce X immunoglobins.

A

Rh(D+), Rh(D-), anti-D

27
Q

Spectrin is an accessory protein for what.

A

actin

28
Q

What are two major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the RBC?

A

Glycophorin and Band 3 (anion transporter channel)

29
Q

What anchors spectrin scaffold to Band 3?

A

Ankyrin

30
Q

Sickle cell anemia is characterized by what erythrocyte pathology?

A

Poikilocytosis

31
Q

A decrease in X causes anemia.

A

Hemoglobin content

32
Q

What chains make up the HbA, HbA2, HbF and HbS?

A

HbA – 2α + 2β
HbA2 – 2α + 2 δ
HbF (fetal) - 2α + 2 γ
HbS (sickled) - 2α + 2βaltered

33
Q

What % do lymphocytes take of WBCs?

A

30%

34
Q

What is the most common agranulocyte?

A

T lymphocyte

35
Q

B lymphocyte differentiates into what in where?

A

Plasma cell, connective tissue

36
Q

How does neutrophil recruit other immune cells during inflammation?

A

Leukotrine synthesis

37
Q

Name and give functions of three specific granules of eosinophil.

A

Major basic protein – active in anti-parasitic functions Histaminases – counteract action of basophils’ histamines
Aryl sulfates – counteracts slow reacting substance (SRS) of anaphylaxis

38
Q

What is the most common lymphocyte?

A

T lymphocyte

39
Q

Give the roles of primary, secondary, and tertiary granules of neutrophil.

A

Tertiary – identify, secondary – kill the bacteria, primary – clean up

40
Q

Monocytes differentiate into what.

A

macrophages

41
Q

All for bacterial phagocytosis Granulocytes are collectively known as?

A

Microphages

42
Q

Give 4 examples that macrophage precursor monocytes give rise to.

A

Macrophage, osteoclasts, alveolar macrophages (lung), kupffer cell (liver)

43
Q

What are 3 main functions of monocyte?

A

Bacterial inactivation via respiratory burst activity (chop up using free radicals); Cytokine production; antigen processing and presentation (foreign body giant cell formation)

44
Q

Helper cells CD4 secretes what to induce immune response?

A

Lymphokines (interferon)

45
Q

Give 3 main functions of eosinophil.

A

Inflammatory response in allergic reactions, parasitic, and skin infections
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
Counteracts basophils and mast cells

46
Q

What is the shape of platelets?

A

Biconvex (compare this with RBC)

47
Q

Where are platelets from?

A

Megakaryocytes

HISTO Block B (3 decks)

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