Blood Pressure And Hypertension In Small Animals

Question 1

2 major contributors to arterial blood pressure

Answer 1

Peripheral resistance and cardiac output

Question 2

Baroreceptors detect

Answer 2

Minute to minute variations

Question 3

Baroreceptors are found

Answer 3

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 4

RAAS is for detecting

Answer 4

Long term regulation

Question 5

RAAS compensatory to

Answer 5

Reduction in blood pressure

Question 6

With chronic activation of RAAS you see

Answer 6

Endothelial dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, cellular remodeling, proteinuria

Question 7

With hypovolemia the kidney makes

Answer 7

Renin

Question 8

Renin goes where to do what

Answer 8

Liver to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Question 9

Angiotensin 2 happens where

Answer 9

Lungs

Question 10

What converts angiotensin 1 to 2

Answer 10

ACE convertin enzymes

Question 11

Angiotensin 2 is a potent

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction

Question 12

Angiotensin also goes to

Answer 12

Adrenal gland

Question 13

Angiotensin 2 releases

Answer 13

Aldosterone

Question 14

Constriction of efferent arterioles increases

Answer 14

Golmerular capillaty pressure

Question 15

Angiotensin constricts

Answer 15

Efferent arterioles

Question 16

RAAS blockade

Answer 16

Ace inhibitors to block AG 1 - 2 and ARB blocking receptors

Question 17

Aldosterone is a

Answer 17

Mineralcorticoid

Question 18

Aldosterone comes from

Answer 18

Zona glomerulosa

Question 19

What is the 2 stimuli release aldosterone

Answer 19

Angiotensin 2 and hyperkalemia

Question 20

How does aldosterone effects kidney

Answer 20

Principle cells, potassium excretion, and sodium retention

Question 21

What is the mineralocorticoid with hypoadrencorticism

Answer 21

Deficiency

Question 22

What is K and Na with mineralcorticoid deficieny

Answer 22

Increase K and decrease Na

Question 23

With hyper aldosterone what is the Na and K

Answer 23

N to increase Na and decreased K

Question 24

Cuff width for BP

Answer 24

30 - 40 % of the circumference of the cuff site

Question 25

IF cuff is too narrow

Answer 25

Overestimates BP

Question 26

If cuff is too wide

Answer 26

Underestimates BP

Question 27

2 sites for cuff

Answer 27

Limb and tail base

Question 28

Take how many BP measurements

Answer 28

5 - 7

Question 29

Written record for BP

Answer 29

Cuff size, site, animal position, values, final , interpretation, name person taking measurements

Question 30

Gold standard for measuring BP

Answer 30

Direct - arterial catheterizaiton

Question 31

Indirect measurement of BP

Answer 31

Doppler ultrasonic flow detector and oscillometry

Question 32

A Doppler measures dog ____ arterial BP

Answer 32

Systolic

Question 33

A Doppler better predicts ___ arterial BP

Answer 33

Mean

Question 34

What are some cons of Doppler

Answer 34

Peripheral vasoconstriction can make it hard to hear

Question 35

Oscillometric ____________ is most accurate reading

Answer 35

Mean arterial BP

Question 36

Cons of oscillometric

Answer 36

Less accurate and affected by patient

Question 37

White coat hypertension

Answer 37

Anxiety and stress - catecholamines

Question 38

Secondary hypertension

Answer 38

Persistent, pathological increase in BP

Question 39

Secondary hypertension is concurrent with

Answer 39

Disease and drugs

Question 40

If disease known to cause secondary hypertension then what is indicated

Answer 40

Serial BP monitoring

Question 41

What is the most common cause of pathological hypertension in dogs/cats

Answer 41

Secondary hypertension

Question 42

What disease can cause secondary hypertension

Answer 42

Daiabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma

Question 43

Idiopathic or primary hypertension

Answer 43

Persistent pathological hypertension in the absence of an underlying identifiable cause

Question 44

Target organ damage of high blood pressure

Answer 44

Eyes, kidney, Heart, brain

Question 45

Annual screening for all dogs and cat BP if how old

Answer 45

Greater than 9

Question 46

Treatment of hypertension

Answer 46

Gradual persistent reduction over weeks

Question 47

Target BP

Answer 47

Less than 160 mmHg

Question 48

Why can hypertension persist after treating underlying disease

Answer 48

Vascular remodeling

Question 49

Which hypertension is hard to prove in dogs and cats

Answer 49

Idiopathic hypertension - renal disease

Question 50

Hypertensive

Answer 50

160 - 179

Question 51

If its greater than 180 recheck

Answer 51

Wishing 1 - 2 weeks

Question 52

If 140 - 179 recheck

Answer 52

4 - 8 weeks

Question 53

If 140 - 159 monitor for

Answer 53

6 months

Question 54

RAAS inhibitors

Answer 54

Ace inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers

Question 55

Ace inhibitors

Answer 55

Enalapril and benzaepril

Question 56

Calcium channel blockers cause

Answer 56

Arterial vasodilation - reduce vascular resistance

Question 57

What is the frontline in cats

Answer 57

Calcium channel blockers

Question 58

Calcium Channel Blockers

Answer 58

Amlodipine

Question 59

RAAS inhibitors are frontline in dogs for

Answer 59

Mild to moderate hypertension in dogs

Question 60

Side effects of calcium channel blockers

Answer 60

Hypotension, gingival hyperplasia and peripheral edema

Question 61

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Answer 61

Tel is Arabian

Question 62

RAAS inhibitors are weak only reduce

Answer 62

10 - 15

Question 63

RAAS inhibitors side effects

Answer 63

GI side effects, electrolytes, worsening azotemia

Question 64

RAAS inhibitors are not recommended for

Answer 64

Mono therapy for severe hypertension in dogs, frontline to for cat, dehydration, or azotemix