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Pharmacology Exam #2 > Blood Pressure Agents > Flashcards

Blood Pressure Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risks related to hypertension?

A

Coronary Artery Disease
* hypertrophy/thickening of the heart muscle
* Increased pressure generated by the muscle contraction
* Increased workload on the heart

If HTN remains untreated:
* CAD and Cardiac Death
* Stroke
* Renal Failure
* Loss of vision

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2
Q

Normal Blood Pressure

A

<120mmHg AND <80mmHg

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3
Q

Elevated Blood Pressure Reading

A

120-129 mmHg AND <80mmHg

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4
Q

Hypertension Stage 1 Reading

A

130-139mmHg OR 80-89mmHg

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5
Q

Hypertension Stage 2 Reading

A

greater than/equal to 140mmHg OR
greater than/equal to 90mmHg

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6
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors for Hypertension

A
  • Stress
  • Cigarette Smoking
  • Alcohol Use
  • Obesity
  • Decreased physical activity
  • High Salt Diet
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7
Q

Non-modifiable Risk Factors for Hypertension

A
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Increased Age
  • Diabetes*
  • Sleep Apnea*
  • Genetic predisposition

*possibly modifiable

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8
Q

Lifespan considerations for Blood Pressure Agents
In Children

A
  • More likely to be secondary HTN
  • Use drug therapy with caution
  • Lifestyle changes first: weight loss, increased activity
  • Monitor BP closely
  • With diuretics: monitor electrolytes and glucose closely
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9
Q

Lifespan considerations for Blood Pressure Agents
In Adults

A
  • Lifestyle modifications first: weight loss, alcohol use, smoking, stress, activity
  • Safety precautions: watch for dehydration from meds; chronic dehydration can also cause HTN
  • Caution with pregnancy: Labetalol is first choice in pregnancy if needed. ACEI/ARB/Renin inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy.
  • Drugs can enter breastmilk; choose alternative method of feeding
  • Adverse effects should be reported immediately
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10
Q

Lifespan considerations for Blood Pressure Agents
In Older Adults

A
  • More susceptible to toxic effects: Reduced doses; close monitoring
  • Safety precautions: do not crush, cut, or chew ER or SR medications (will cause toxic dose)
  • Fall risk r/t hypotension/orthostatic hypotension
  • Monitor closely for dehydration
  • In institutional settings, BP should be taken immediately before administering medication
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11
Q

Stepped Care Management of Hypertension

no need to memorize… just know the general idea

A

Step 1: Lifestyle modifications
Step 2: Drug therapy added
Step 3: Change in drug class or combination therapy
Step 4: Second or third agent or diuretic added if not already being used

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12
Q

Antihypertensive Agents
all of the drug classes

A

Drugs affecting the RAS
* ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitors
* Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
* Renin Inhibitors

Calcium Channel Blockers
Vasodilators
Diuretics

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers
* Beta Blockers: selective/non-selective
* Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: nonselective/Alpha 1 blockers
* Alpha AND Beta Blockers (aka Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
* Alpha 2 Agonist

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13
Q

ACE Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Blocks ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the RAAS
  • This in turn blocks adosterone, leading to vasodilation, sodium and water excretion, and small increase in potassium

⬇️ decreased peripheral resistance (vasodilation)
⬇️ fluid volume (sodium/water loss)
⬇️ cardiac workload

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14
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Indications

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • HTN
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Left Ventricular dysfunction
  • Diabetic nephropathy prevention
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15
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Drug Names

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

“-pril”
Benazepril
Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Ramipril

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16
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Contraindications

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Absolute:
* Allergy
* Pregnancy (Black Box warning)

Relative:
* Impaired renal function (makes it worse)

Caution:
* Acute/unstable CHF

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17
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Drug Interactions

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Allopurinol (increases the risk of blood dyscrasias)
  • Other RAAS drugs
  • NSAIDs (decrease the effect of ACEIs)
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18
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Adverse Effects

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Related to vasodilation & alterations in blood flow:
* Hypotension
* Renal insufficiency
* Dizziness
* Fatigue

Other:
* Pancytopenia (depressed bone marrow)
* GI irritation
* Rash
* Hyperkalemia
* Dry, constant cough
* Reflex tachycardia

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19
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Specific assessments

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Labs:
CBC: before and during treatment because of bone marrow depression

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20
Q

ACE Inhibitor
Specific Implementation

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Patient teaching regarding cough
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21
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Mechanism of Action

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist
  • Blocks angiotensin II from binding with the receptors on the vascular smooth muscle AND in the adrenal cortex
    Prevents vasoconstriction
    Prevents release of aldosterone
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22
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Indications

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • HTN
  • CHF
  • Diabetic nephropathy prevention
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23
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Drug Names

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

“-sartan”
Candesartan
Irbesartan
Losartan
Olmesartan
Telmisartan
Valsartan

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24
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Contraindications

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Absolute:
* Allergy
* Pregnancy (Black Box warning)

Cautions:
* Hepatic dysfunction
* Renal dysfunction
* Hypovolemia

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25
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Adverse Effects

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • 🧠 CNS: Headache, dizziness, syncope, weakness
  • 💓 CV: hypotension
  • 💩 GI: N&V, abdominal pain, diarrhea
  • Skin: Rash
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Renal damage
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26
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Drug Interactions

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • NSAIDs (dec. effect of ARBs)
  • Other RAAS drugs
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27
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: ARBs
Specific Assessment

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

History:
* Liver impairment

Labs:
* Liver function tests

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28
Q

Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren
Mechanism of Action

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Inhibits renin release from kidney
  • Which leads to inhibition of the RAAS
    ⬇️ decreased aldosterone
    ⬇️ decreased sodium reabsorption
    ⬇️ decreased Blood pressure
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29
Q

Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren
Indication

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Hypertension

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30
Q

Renin Inhibitor
Drug Name

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Aliskiren

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31
Q

Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren
Contraindications

Drugs affecting the RAS

A

Absolute:
* Allergy
* Pregnancy (Black Box Warning)

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32
Q

Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren
Adverse Effects

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Hyperkalemia
  • 💩 Diarrhea
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33
Q

Renin Inhibitor: Aliskiren
Drug Interactions

Drugs affecting the RAS

A
  • Other drugs that affect the RAAS (increase in adverse effects)
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34
Q

Drugs affecting the RAAS
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy
* Pregnancy
* Impaired kidney function, salt/volume depletion, heart failure

Physical:
* Baseline: cardiac, respiratory, abdominal, skin
* Vitals and weight (fluid volume)

Labs:
* Renal function tests
* Electrolytes
* Pregnancy test

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35
Q

Drugs affecting the RAAS
Nursing Diagnoses/Conclusions

A
  • Altered tissue perfusion (r/t changes in cardiac output)
  • Altered skin integrity (r/t dermatologic effects)
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adverse effects)
  • Electrolyte imbalance risk (r/t action of drug)
  • Knowledge deficit
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36
Q

Drugs affecting the RAAS
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Encourage lifestyle changes
  • Use of barrier contraceptives
  • Comfort and safety measures
  • Monitor pt. carefully in any situation that might result in fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration)
  • Teach patients to watch for warning signs
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37
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Mechanism of Action

A
  • Inhibits the movement of calcium ions across the cell membranes in cardiac and arterial muscle
  • Leads to a depressed impulse and slower conduction, decreased myocardial contractility, and relaxed dilated arteries
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38
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Indications

A
  • Hypertension
  • Angina
  • Arrhythmias
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39
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Drug Names

A

“-dipine”
Amlodipine
Felodipine
Nifedipine
Diltiazem
Verapamil

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40
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Renal or hepatic dysfunction
* Heart block or sick sinus syndrome (low heart rate)

Caution:
* Congestive Heart Failure
* Systolic dysfunction
* Low ejection fraction

41
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Adverse Effects

A
  • 🧠 CNS: dizziness, fatigue
  • 💓 CV: hypotension, peripheral edema, heart block, bradycardia
  • 🤢 GI: Nausea
  • 🔴 Skin: Flusing, Rash
42
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Drug Interactions

A

Drug:
* Diltiazem: Cyclosporine

Food:
* Grapefruit Juice

43
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy
* Contraindications: heart block, sick sinus syndrome, heart failure; liver and kidney impairment

Physical:
* Skin, respiratory, cardiac, neuro, abdominal
* Vitals, pain
* ECG

Labs:
* Liver and renal function tests

44
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Nursing Diagnoses/Conclusions

A
  • Altered cardiac output risk (r/t hypotension)
  • Injury risk (r/t CNS & CV effects)
  • Altered tissue perfusion (r/t changes in cardiac output)
  • Knowledge deficit
45
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Monitor BP, cardiac rhythm, and cardiac output
  • Stay hydrated
  • small, frequent meals for GI effects
  • Change positions slowly to avoid orthostatic hypotension
  • Teach about drug interactions
46
Q

Vasodilators
Mechanism of Action

A

*** Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle ➡️ muscle relaxation leading to vasodilation, and decreased BP.
* Decreased peripheral resistance
* Increased cardiac output

47
Q

Vasodilators
Indications

A

Emergency Use
* Severe hypertension
* Refractory hypertension (spikes for no apparent cause after being treated)
* Hypertensive emergencies
* Malignant hypertension (HTN caused organ damage)

48
Q

Vasodilators
Drug Names

A

Hydralazine
Minoxidil
Nitroprusside
Nitroglycerin

49
Q

Vasodilators
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Cautions:
* Conditions exacerbated by decreased BP: peripheral vascular disease, CAD, CHF, Cerebral insufficiency, tachycardia

50
Q

Vasodilators
Drug Interactions

A

Based on the individual drug - look up in drug guide

51
Q

Vasodilators
Adverse Effects

A
  • 🧠 CNS: dizziness, headache, anxiety
  • 💓 CV: Refractive tachycardia
  • 🤢 GI: Nausea & Vomiting
  • Skin: abnormal hair growth
  • Nitroprusside: Cyanide toxicity (pink, cherry-red skin, headache, dizziness, dyspnea, vomiting, shortness of breath)
52
Q

Vasodilators
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy
* CV dysfunction

Physical:
* skin, cardiac, respiratory, abdominal
* vitals, weight
* ECG

Labs:
* Renal and hepatic function

53
Q

Vasodilators
Nursing Diagnoses/Conclusions

A
  • Altered tissue perfusion
  • Altered skin integrity
  • Impaired comfort
  • Knowledge deficit
54
Q

Vasodilators
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Encourage lifestyle changes
  • Monitor BP closely
  • Monitor for any drop in fluid volume
  • Small frequent meals for GI upset
  • Safety precautions for falls
55
Q

Diuretics
Mechanism of Action

A
  • Increase the excretion of sodium and water from the kidney ➡️ decreased blood pressure
56
Q

Commonly used Diuretics for hypertension

A

Thiazide and thiazide-like
* Chlorothiazide
* Chlorothalidone
* Hydrochlorothiazide

Potassium Sparing Diuretics
* Spironolactone
* Triamterene

57
Q

Beta Blockers
Mechanism of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Blocks beta receptors in the heart
  • ⬇️ Decreases heart rate and cardiac muscle contraction
  • Vasodilates ➡️ increased blood flow to kidneys ➡️ decrease in release of renin (stopping the RAAS)
58
Q

Beta Blockers
Indications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • HTN
  • Angina
  • tachyarrhythmias
  • migraine headache
  • MI
  • glaucoma
  • heart failure
  • hyperthyroidism
59
Q

Beta Blockers
Drug Names

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

“-olol”
Selective: (blocks ONLY beta receptors in the heart)
* Atenolol
* Metoprolol

Non-selective: (blocks ALL beta receptors: more adverse effects)
* Propanolol

60
Q

Beta Blockers
Contraindications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Acute/unstable heart failure, bradycardia, heart block (because it lowers the heartrate)
* Bronchospasm, COPD, asthma (because it can cause bronchospasm)

Caution:
* Renal or hepatic dysfunction
* Diabetes (blocks normal signs and symptoms of altered blood glucose)

61
Q

Beta Blockers
Adverse Effects

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • 🧠 CNS: Headache, fatigue, dizziness, depression, sleep issues, disorientation, memory loss
  • 💓 CV: bradycardia, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension
  • 💩 GI: N&V, diarrhea, pain, colitis
  • GU: decreased libido, impotence
  • Alterations in glucose levels
62
Q

Beta Blockers
Drug Interactions

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Clonidine: increased hypertensive effect - if taken together and need to discontinue them - stop Beta Blocker first, then Clonidine several days later to allow body to readjust
  • NSAIDs
  • Insulin/hypoglycemic agents
63
Q

Beta Blockers
Specific Assessment

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

History:
* Lung disease?
* Diabetes?

Physical:
* Take apical pulse prior to administering, hold if below 60 bpm
* Do not abruptly stop medication, taper over 1-2 weeks
* Patients with diabetes should monitor blood glucose closely

64
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective): Phentolamine
Mechanism of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Blocks alpha 1 receptors: vasodilation resulting in decreased BP
  • Blocks alpha 2 receptors: prevents norepinephrine feedback loop resulting in increase in reflex tachycardia
65
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective): Phentolamine
Indications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Diagnose and manage episodes of pheochromocytoma (fairly rare)

(Also an antidote for MAOIs)

65
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective)
Drug Name

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Phentolamine
(administered IM or IV only)

65
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective): Phentolamine
Contraindications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* CAD, MI –> made worse

66
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective): Phentolamine
Drug Interactions

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Alcohol
(increases vasodilation)

67
Q

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers (Non-Selective): Phentolamine
Adverse Effects

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Many due to being Non-Selective
💓 CV
* Hypotension
* Angina; MI
* Arrhythmia
* Increased reflex tachycardia
* Flushing (from vasodilation)

🧠 CNS
* Cerebral Vascular Accident
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Weakness

68
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Mechanism of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Blocks Alpha 1 receptor sites
  • Decreases vascular tone resulting in vasodilation ➡️decreases Blood Pressure
69
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Indications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Hypertension

70
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Drug Names

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

“-azosin”
Doxazosin
Prazosin
Terazosin

71
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Contraindications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Cautions:
* Heart failure
* Renal failure or hepatic impairment

72
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Adverse Effects

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • 🧠 CNS: Headache, dizziness, fatigue
  • 💓 CV: arrhytmias, heart failure, hypotension, angina
  • GU: priapism (r/t inc. vasodilation)
  • Skin: flushing (r/t inc. vasodilation)

(NO reflex tachycardia because they do NOT block Alpha 2 receptors)

73
Q

Alpha 1 Blockers
Drug Interactions

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Drugs used for erectile dysfunction (could have dangerously low blood pressure)
74
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Mechanism of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Blocks norepinephrine at ALL alpha and beta receptors in the sympathetic nervous system
* Decreases Blood Pressure AND heartrate
* Increased renal perfusion ➡️ decreased renin released (stops the RAAS)

75
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Indications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Hypertension

76
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Drug Names

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Carvedilol
Labetalol

77
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Contraindications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Heart Block
* bradycardia
* Liver disease

Caution:
* Lung disease/bronchospasm
* Diabetes

78
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Adverse Effects

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • 🧠 CNS: fatigue, dizziness
  • 💓 CV: CVA, heart failure, arrhythmias
  • 🫁 Respiratory
  • 💩 GI: N, V, D, abdominal pain
  • GU: impotence, decreased libido
  • Skin: Rash
  • Liver failure

NO reflex tachycardia

79
Q

Alpha and Beta Blockers
(AKA: Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents)
Drug Interactions

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Antidiabetic Agents: can lead to hypoglycemia
80
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST: Clonidine
Mechanism of Action

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Stimulates the Alpha 2 receptors in the CNS and inhibits the CV centers ➡️ decrease in sympathetic outflow from the CNS resulting in a drop in Blood Pressure
80
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST: Clonidine
Contraindications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Narrow angle glaucoma
* Severe HTN
* Hypotension
* Bradycardia

Cautions:
* CV disease
* Diabetes
* Hyperthyroidism
* Renal/hepatic impairment

80
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST: Clonidine
Indications

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Hypertension

(Oral and transdermal formulations)

81
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST: Clonidine
Adverse Effects

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • 🧠 CNS: Bad dreams, drowsiness, headache, fatigue
  • 💓 CV: hypotension, bradycardia
  • 🟡 GU: decrease in urinary output
82
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST
Drug Name

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A

Clonidine

83
Q

Alpha 2 AGONIST: Clonidine
Drug Interactions

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers

A
  • Beta Blockers: (Paradoxical hypertension)
  • Adrenergic Antagonists: (Cancels out effectiveness)
  • CNS depressants/alcohol: (increase in CNS effects)
84
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers
Assessment

A

History:
* Contraindications and cautions

Physical:
* CNS
* cardiac/perfusion
* respiratory
* abdominal
* urinary
* vitals
* ECG

Labs:
* electrolytes
* renal and hepatic function tests
* glucose

85
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers
Nursing Diagnoses/Conclusions

A
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adv. effects)
  • Altered tissue perfusion (r/t CV effects)
  • Altered cardiac output (r/t CV effects)
  • Altered breathing pattern
  • Injury Risk (r/t CV and CNS effects)
  • Activity Intolerance (r/t suppression of SNS)
  • Altered Sensory Perception (r/t CNS effects)
  • Knowledge deficit
86
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Take apical pulse prior to administering, hold if under 60bpm
  • Prepare medication carefully
  • Monitor blood pressure
  • Do not abruptly stop medication
  • Encourage patient to make lifestyle changes
  • Change positions slowly
  • Patients with diabetes should monitor glucose closely
  • Do NOT crush ER formulations
  • Consult a healthcare provider before taking any OTC medication/herbal therapies
  • Emphasize importance of follow up appointments
87
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Mechanism of Action

A
  • Stimulate ALL adrenergic receptors in the SNS
  • HR and myocardial contractility increases
  • Blood vessels constrict ➡️ increased blood pressure
  • Bronchi dilate and rate/depth of breathing increase
88
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Indications

A
  • Hypotensive states: Shock, heart failure
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Bronchospasm/Acute Asthma

(Given via IV - acute emergency situations)

89
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Drug Names

A
  • Dobutamine
  • Dopamine
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
90
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy
* Pheochromocytoma (leads to too many catecholamines)

Relative:
* Hypovolemia

Cautions:
* Tachycardia
* Hypertension
* Disease that limits blood flow

91
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Adverse Effects

A

🧠 CNS
* Headache
* Sweating
* Anxiety

💓 CV
* arrhythmias
* HTN
* changes in peripheral blood flow

92
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Drug Interactions

A
  • Any drug or substance that increases BP or HR
93
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Assessment

A

History:
* Contraindications/Cautions

Physical:
* Respiratory, cardiac/perfusion, abdominal, skin
* Weight
* Vitals

Labs:
* Kidney and liver function tests

94
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Nursing Diagnoses/Conclusions

A
  • Altered tissue perfusion (r/t changes in cardiac output)
  • Altered sensory perception (r/t CNS effects)
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adverse effects)
  • Knowledge deficit
95
Q

Antihypotensive Agents: Vasopressors
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Monitor BP and HR
  • Safety and comfort measures: nonslip socks, easy access to bathroom, small frequent meals, lighting
  • Thorough patient teaching

Pharmacology Exam #2 (14 decks)

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