Blood - Parts 2 & 3 Flashcards
Albumin
Protein in Plasma that helps regulate blood volume
Edema
Fluid leaking into the tissue
Hemoglobin, Oxy-, Deoxy-
molecule in RBC carries oxygen, can be oxygenated on deoxygenized
What are normal hemoglobin levels?
M: 13.8 - 17.2 g/dL
F: 12.1 - 15.1 g/dL
Explain the 10/30 rules.
Blood Transfusion rule of thumb suggesting transfusion occur hemoglobin < 10 g / dL or hematocrit < 30%
Hematocrit
percent of whole blood that is comprised by RBC by volume
What are normal hematocrit levels?
M: 42 to 52%
F: 36 to 48%
Descibe blood circulation
Blood leaves right side of heart, goes to lungs, drops off CO2, picks up Oxy, goes to left side of heart, delivered to body tissue via aorta.
Capillaries
microscopic blood vessels that exchange oxygen and CO2, also exchange water, chemicals and heat to regulate body temperature
Arteries and Veins
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Small ones are called arterioles and venules.
Arteries are deep, Veins are superficial.
Anemia
RBC or hemoglobin is below normal
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen in organs, caused by anemia
Symptoms of Anemia: Common, Severe, Very Severe
Common: Weakness, Fatigue, Malaise, Poor Concentration
Severe: Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Very Severe: Heart palpitations, Sweatiness, Heart Failure
Anemia effect on the metabolism
Anemia forces muscles to depend on anaerobic metabolism
Diabetes
metabolic disorder, blood glucose is too high due to lack of effective insulin
Glucose and Insulin
Sugar in the blood
Hormone needed to transfer glucose to tissue
Serious Risks of Diabetes
Glucose sticks to vessel walls create blockage, amputation, weak immune system
Neuropathy
numbness of hands and feet caused by diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune disease, immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in pancreas
Type 2 Diabetes
90 - 95%, associated with overweight and older age, insulin produced is not effective
Normal Blood pressure is…
less than 120 systolic / 80 diastolic
increases at 20 and 10
Risks of Hypertension
strokes, heart attacks, heart faliure (CHF)(#1 Risk), aneurysm, arterioclerosis (hardening of arteries)
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
angina
chest pain
BMI
Body Mass Index, kg/m2, Ideal BMI is 19-25
levels in 5s
Ischemia leads to necrosis
deficiency of blood to the tissue can cause death of tissue
Obesity - Risks of operating - 4 Risks
infection, clots, wound complications, blood loss
Surgery is more difficult - 4 Reasons
difficult access, more tissue, visibility, patient positioning
