Blood- Mace Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of blood?
- Transport of gases, nutrients etc.
- Regulation of pH and ions
- Stabilizes body temperature
- Prevent fluid loss at sites of injury
- Defend against toxins and microorganism
What is the blood composed of?
- plasma
- Formed elements (WBC, platelets)
- volume (how our blood is doing)
- Color (hgb)
Plasma consists of…
Water, enzymes, salts
The serum of blood is with or without fibrinogen?
Without. It doesn’t play a role in clotting and therefore doesn’t have fibrinogen
What does the buffy coat consist of?
WBC and platelets
What is the equation for Hematocrit?
Hct= RBC/total volume
What are the three main categories of the plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
This is the smallest globulin
alpha
This globulin is involved transport & complement system
beta
This globulin is (largest) globulins: antibodies (Ig)
gamma
Most plasma proteins are formed by the ______ except for _______ which are produced by ______ cells
liver, gamma globulins, plasma cells
______ is not found in the plasma
A. Glycogen B. Fibrinogen C. Glucose D. Urea E. Albumin
A. Glycogen- it is a storage form for glucose and in muscles
Lymphatic stem cells produce which two cells?
T and B cells
RBCs come from __________
erythroblasts
Platelets come from ___________
megakaryoblasts
Myeloblasts form which three cells
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes form ___________ blood cells
White blood cells
What are three granular leukocytes?
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
What are three agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes, T and B cells
B cells are processed in the ________
Bone marrow
T cells are processed in the ________
Thymus
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transport blood gases
Erhythrocytes are produced in the _________ and die in the ______
Bone marrow, spleen
What is the structure of an erythrocyte?
- Biconcave disk
- Lack of organelles
- Spectrin (cytoskeleton protein)
In erythropoesis, _____ stimulates erythrocyte production
EPO
Erythropoesis is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by _________
Hypoxia, high O2 content
Oxyhemoglobin
O2 bound to Fe
Deoxyhemoglobin
No O2 bound to Fe
Carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 attached to globin part
Hypoxemia
Low O2 in blood
Hypoxia
Low O2 in tissue
Anemia
Low O2 carrying ability in blood
Why can erythrocytes (RBCs) transport oxygen?
A. Because cells of the body need oxygen for metabolism
B. Because RBC’s contain hemoglobin which have heme units that bind to oxygen.
C. Because the heart creates a pressure gradient that forces blood and RBCs through the cardiovascular system
D. B&C
E. All of the above
B. Because RBC’s contain hemoglobin which have heme units that bind to oxygen.
If all the 280 million molecules of hemoglobin inside RBCs were free in the plasma,
A. It would cause a considerable increase the blood oxygen carrying capacity
B. It would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues irrigated by small capillaries
C. It would facilitate the oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries
D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity
D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity
Hypoxemia is sensed by the ______ & ______ then secretes ______ which then stimulates __________ which causes accelerated erythropoesis and increased ______ and _______ transport
liver & kidneys, EPO, red bone marrow, RBC, oxygen
slide 11
Expired erythrocytes break up in the ______ & ______ and hgb is degraded and broken into _______ & _______
liver & spleen, globin & heme
slide 11
The ______ region of an antibody contains the ________ binding site and the ______ chain
The arm region contains the antigen binding site and light chain
the _____ chain is identified by the immune system
heavy (stick part of the antibody
An antibody is a protein that binds ________
antigens
An ANTI GEN is an…
antibody generator
Type A blood can safely donate RBCs to \_\_\_\_ and can receive RBCs of type\_\_\_ A. O; AB B. AB; O C. A; B D. B; A E. O; O
B. AB; O
Does Rh + contain a surface antigen? Are antibodies produced?
Yes- surface antigen D
No antibodies ever produced
Does Rh - contain a surface antigen? Are antibodies produced?
No surface antigen
No anti-d antibodies unless exposed to rh + blood
How can you differentiate a WBC from rBC based on structure?
RBC doesn’t have nucleus or organelles whereas leukocytes have a nucleus and granules
Name the two agranulocytes
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Name the three granulocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
granulocytes & agranulocytes are what type of cell?
Leukocyte
Name this granulocyte:
phagocytes, do oxidative burst, 1st at site
Neutrophils
Name this granulocyte:
phagocytes, destroy parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Name this granulocyte:
involved in inflammatory responses
Basophils
Name this agranulocyte:
phagocytes (clean up team), late arrivals
Macrophages
Name this agranulocyte:
Consist of B-cells, T-cells, KN cells
Lymphocytes
non specific Immune cells
NK cell
can be divided into T-killer cells and T-helper cells
T-cells
differentiate into plasma cells=> antibody producer
B cells
Early on, platelets secrete what three things?
Serotonin, Thromboxane, ADP
Later on, platelets secrete what two things?
Procoagulants, platelet derived growth factor
_______ is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets.
TPO (thrombopoetin) in charge of thrombopoesis
This drug is a platelet inhibitor that blocks receptors on platelet
Plavix
What phase of hemostasis is this?
Blood vessel constricts to limit blood escape.
Vascular spasm
What phase of hemostasis is this?
Platelets arrive at site of injury and stick to exposed collagen fibers.
Platelet plug formation
What phase of hemostasis is this?
Cascade that converts inactive proteins to active forms & forms a blood clot
Coagulation phase
This med Blocks vitamin K from producing clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X). What pathways does it block?
Warfarin (Coumadin)
blocks all pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, common)
This med inhibits coagulation factors Xa and IIa and prevents conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. What pathway does it block?
heparin (Lovenox and Fragmin)
Blocks the common coag pathway
This med is a direct thrombin inhibitor (competitive/reversible)
DABIGATRAN
This med binds directly to activated Factor X (Xa) inactivating it and blocking amplification of Common pathway
RIVAROXABAN
This med is a tissue Plasminogen Activator - thrombolytic and catalyzes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Also administration increases speed of clot breakdown
tPA
Note: this is about fibrinolysis and is outside the Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Common Coagulation pathways
The sympathetic response is initiated if > _____% blood loss which means _____BP and ______ HR
10, increase, increase to preserve blood function
Platelets do NOT secrete
A. Procoagulants B. Thrombopoeitin C. Growth factors D. Vasoconstriction E. Chemicals that attract neutrophils
D. Vasoconstriction
