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Pathophys Ex 1 > Blood- Mace > Flashcards

Blood- Mace Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport of gases, nutrients etc.
  2. Regulation of pH and ions
  3. Stabilizes body temperature
  4. Prevent fluid loss at sites of injury
  5. Defend against toxins and microorganism
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2
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A
  1. plasma
  2. Formed elements (WBC, platelets)
  3. volume (how our blood is doing)
  4. Color (hgb)
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3
Q

Plasma consists of…

A

Water, enzymes, salts

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4
Q

The serum of blood is with or without fibrinogen?

A

Without. It doesn’t play a role in clotting and therefore doesn’t have fibrinogen

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5
Q

What does the buffy coat consist of?

A

WBC and platelets

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6
Q

What is the equation for Hematocrit?

A

Hct= RBC/total volume

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7
Q

What are the three main categories of the plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen

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8
Q

This is the smallest globulin

A

alpha

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9
Q

This globulin is involved transport & complement system

A

beta

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10
Q

This globulin is (largest) globulins: antibodies (Ig)

A

gamma

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11
Q

Most plasma proteins are formed by the ______ except for _______ which are produced by ______ cells

A

liver, gamma globulins, plasma cells

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12
Q

______ is not found in the plasma

A. Glycogen 
B. Fibrinogen 
C. Glucose
D. Urea
E. Albumin
A

A. Glycogen- it is a storage form for glucose and in muscles

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13
Q

Lymphatic stem cells produce which two cells?

A

T and B cells

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14
Q

RBCs come from __________

A

erythroblasts

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15
Q

Platelets come from ___________

A

megakaryoblasts

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16
Q

Myeloblasts form which three cells

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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17
Q

Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes form ___________ blood cells

A

White blood cells

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18
Q

What are three granular leukocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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19
Q

What are three agranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes, T and B cells

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20
Q

B cells are processed in the ________

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

T cells are processed in the ________

A

Thymus

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22
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport blood gases

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23
Q

Erhythrocytes are produced in the _________ and die in the ______

A

Bone marrow, spleen

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24
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte?

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Lack of organelles
  • Spectrin (cytoskeleton protein)
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25
Q

In erythropoesis, _____ stimulates erythrocyte production

A

EPO

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26
Q

Erythropoesis is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by _________

A

Hypoxia, high O2 content

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27
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

O2 bound to Fe

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28
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

No O2 bound to Fe

29
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 attached to globin part

30
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low O2 in blood

31
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low O2 in tissue

32
Q

Anemia

A

Low O2 carrying ability in blood

33
Q

Why can erythrocytes (RBCs) transport oxygen?
A. Because cells of the body need oxygen for metabolism
B. Because RBC’s contain hemoglobin which have heme units that bind to oxygen.
C. Because the heart creates a pressure gradient that forces blood and RBCs through the cardiovascular system
D. B&C
E. All of the above

A

B. Because RBC’s contain hemoglobin which have heme units that bind to oxygen.

34
Q

If all the 280 million molecules of hemoglobin inside RBCs were free in the plasma,
A. It would cause a considerable increase the blood oxygen carrying capacity
B. It would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues irrigated by small capillaries
C. It would facilitate the oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries
D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity

A

D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity

35
Q

Hypoxemia is sensed by the ______ & ______ then secretes ______ which then stimulates __________ which causes accelerated erythropoesis and increased ______ and _______ transport

A

liver & kidneys, EPO, red bone marrow, RBC, oxygen

slide 11

36
Q

Expired erythrocytes break up in the ______ & ______ and hgb is degraded and broken into _______ & _______

A

liver & spleen, globin & heme

slide 11

37
Q

The ______ region of an antibody contains the ________ binding site and the ______ chain

A

The arm region contains the antigen binding site and light chain

38
Q

the _____ chain is identified by the immune system

A

heavy (stick part of the antibody

39
Q

An antibody is a protein that binds ________

A

antigens

40
Q

An ANTI GEN is an…

A

antibody generator

41
Q 
Type A blood can safely donate RBCs to \_\_\_\_ and can receive RBCs of type\_\_\_ 
A. O; AB 
B. AB; O 
C. A; B 
D. B; A 
E. O; O
A

B. AB; O

42
Q

Does Rh + contain a surface antigen? Are antibodies produced?

A

Yes- surface antigen D

No antibodies ever produced

43
Q

Does Rh - contain a surface antigen? Are antibodies produced?

A

No surface antigen

No anti-d antibodies unless exposed to rh + blood

44
Q

How can you differentiate a WBC from rBC based on structure?

A

RBC doesn’t have nucleus or organelles whereas leukocytes have a nucleus and granules

45
Q

Name the two agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

46
Q

Name the three granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

47
Q

granulocytes & agranulocytes are what type of cell?

A

Leukocyte

48
Q

Name this granulocyte:

phagocytes, do oxidative burst, 1st at site

A

Neutrophils

49
Q

Name this granulocyte:

phagocytes, destroy parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

Name this granulocyte:

involved in inflammatory responses

A

Basophils

51
Q

Name this agranulocyte:

phagocytes (clean up team), late arrivals

A

Macrophages

52
Q

Name this agranulocyte:

Consist of B-cells, T-cells, KN cells

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

non specific Immune cells

A

NK cell

54
Q

can be divided into T-killer cells and T-helper cells

A

T-cells

55
Q

differentiate into plasma cells=> antibody producer

A

B cells

56
Q

Early on, platelets secrete what three things?

A

Serotonin, Thromboxane, ADP

57
Q

Later on, platelets secrete what two things?

A

Procoagulants, platelet derived growth factor

58
Q

_______ is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets.

A

TPO (thrombopoetin) in charge of thrombopoesis

59
Q

This drug is a platelet inhibitor that blocks receptors on platelet

A

Plavix

60
Q

What phase of hemostasis is this?

Blood vessel constricts to limit blood escape.

A

Vascular spasm

61
Q

What phase of hemostasis is this?

Platelets arrive at site of injury and stick to exposed collagen fibers.

A

Platelet plug formation

62
Q

What phase of hemostasis is this?

Cascade that converts inactive proteins to active forms & forms a blood clot

A

Coagulation phase

63
Q

This med Blocks vitamin K from producing clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X). What pathways does it block?

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

blocks all pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, common)

64
Q

This med inhibits coagulation factors Xa and IIa and prevents conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. What pathway does it block?

A

heparin (Lovenox and Fragmin)

Blocks the common coag pathway

65
Q

This med is a direct thrombin inhibitor (competitive/reversible)

A

DABIGATRAN

66
Q

This med binds directly to activated Factor X (Xa) inactivating it and blocking amplification of Common pathway

A

RIVAROXABAN

67
Q

This med is a tissue Plasminogen Activator - thrombolytic and catalyzes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Also administration increases speed of clot breakdown

A

tPA

Note: this is about fibrinolysis and is outside the Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Common Coagulation pathways

68
Q

The sympathetic response is initiated if > _____% blood loss which means _____BP and ______ HR

A

10, increase, increase to preserve blood function

69
Q

Platelets do NOT secrete

A. Procoagulants
B. Thrombopoeitin
C. Growth factors
D. Vasoconstriction
E. Chemicals that attract neutrophils
A

D. Vasoconstriction

Pathophys Ex 1 (4 decks)

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