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Blood & Lymphatic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels
lymphatic tissue
lymph nodes
palatine & pharyngeal tonsils
spleen
thymus gland

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2
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

returns interstitial fluid and protein to the blood
filters & destroys unwanted materials in body fluid
initiates the immune response

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3
Q

approx how much interstitial fluid and proteins does the lymphatic system return to the blood per day

A

3 litres

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4
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

malignant neoplasia due to overproliferation of lymphocyte cells in the lymph nodes

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphoma?

A

hodgkins lymphoma
non-hodgkins lymphoma

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6
Q

what are the causes of lymphoma

A

there are no specific causes

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7
Q

where does hodgkins lymphoma start

A

initially in a single lymph node

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8
Q

where does hodgkins lymphoma spread too?

A

the adjacent nodes and organs via lymphocytes

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9
Q

which lymphocytes are defective with hodgkins lymphoma?

A

T-lymphocytes

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10
Q

what is the first sign of hodgkins lymphoma?

A

enlarged lymphocytes that are painless

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11
Q

what will be enlarged in a patient with lymphoma?

A

spleen
lymph nodes

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12
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of lymphoma?

A

signs of cancer
weight loss
anaemia
fever
fatigue

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13
Q

what are the differences between hodgkins lymphoma and non-hodgkins lymphoma?

A

non hodgkins lymphoma is
very disorganised
involves multiple lymph nodes
spreads very quickly all over the place
no pattern

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14
Q

what is lymphedema

A

abnormal collection of lymph fluid in the exremities
the lymphatic system is not returning the fluid as it should do

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15
Q

what can cause lymphedema

A

cancer/cancer treatment
surgery
can be born with it
trauma
chronic venous insufficiency

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16
Q

what can chronic lymphedema lead to?

A

cellulitis
fibrosis

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17
Q

what is a clotting disorder?

A

spontaneous bleeding/reduction in clotting factors

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18
Q

what is haemophilia?

A

a disorder where the blood doesn’t clot as it should as it lacks blood clotting factors

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19
Q

what are some signs & symptoms of clotting disorders?

A

nose bleeds
bleeding from gums
rashes
bruising
coughing up blood
vomiting blood
blood in faeces

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20
Q

what are the 3 main types of haemophilia

A

Haemophilia A, B & C

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21
Q

what is haemophilia A

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 8

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22
Q

what is haemophilia B

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 9

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23
Q

what is haemophilia C

A

a deficiency in clotting factor 11

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24
Q

what are the main clotting disorders?

A

Haemophilia A, B, & C
Von Willebrand disease

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25
what is Von Willebrand disease?
a hereditary disease a deficiency in VWF (von willebrand factor)
26
what is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
when a medical condition disrupts the balance of clot formation and clot breakdown. there is an over formation of clots which over consumes clotting factors which leads to a complete loss of function between formation and breakdown which leads to haemorrhaging
27
what can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
sepsis cancer major trauma
28
why is disseminated intravascular coagulation dangerous?
wide spread clotting= organ damage depletion of clotting factors= excessive bleeding
29
what can disseminated intravascular coagulation lead to?
Hypovoaelmic shock
30
what are some signs and symptoms of disseminated intravascular coagulation?
prolonged bleeding time vascular occlusions haemorrhages
31
what does neoplastic mean
overproliferation of a cell
32
what are 2 types of neoplastic blood disorders?
leukaemia polycythaemia
33
what is polycythaemia?
an increase in erythrocytes, granulocytes & thrombocytes
34
what does polycythaemia lead to?
increased blood viscosity
35
what are some signs and symptoms of polycythaemia?
hypertension cardiac hypertrophy spleen + liver enlargement
36
what is the risk with polycythaemia?
risk of thrombosis
37
which blood cells does leukaemia involve?
white blood cells
38
who is acute leukaemia more common in?
children
39
what is leukaemia?
hyper production of non-functioning leukocytes within the bone marrow that cant be released from the bone quick enough therefore causes pressure inside the bone which causes pain
40
who is chronic leukaemia more common in?
adults
41
what happens as the number of leukemic cells increase?
they infiltrate the lymph nodes, spleen, live, brain and other organs
42
what is acute leukaemia characterised by?
high proportion of immature cells
43
what is chronic leukaemia characterised by?
high concentration of mature cells with reduced function
44
what affect does leukaemia have on other cells?
over proliferation means that other cells are unable to be produced so there is a reduction in red blood cells and platelets
45
what are some signs and symptoms of leukaemia?
Recurrent infections signs of anaemia bone pain weight loss severe haemorrhage
46
what are anaemias?
a group of diseases that result in reduced haemoglobin content therefore reduced oxygen transport
47
what are the 2 causes of anaemias?
Inadequate production of RBC's excessive destruction of RBC's
48
what is reduced with anaemia?
cellular metabolism
49
how do anaemic patients compensate for the reduced cellular metabolism?
tachycardia Vasoconstriction
50
what are some general signs and symptoms of anaemia?
fatigue pallor dyspnoea tachycardia
51
what are the 4 main types of anaemia?
iron deficient anaemia pernicious anaemia sickle cell anaemia aplastic anaemia
52
what causes the decreased haemoglobin levels in iron deficiency anaemia?
low iron levels
53
what are the consequences of low iron with iron deficiency anaemia?
the body uses iron to make haemoglobin therefore if there is less iron theres less haemoglobin so the body will transport less O2
54
what is haemoglobin?
a protein made up of 4 sub units and each one has 2 parts- a globin + a haeme
55
what is the haeme component of haemoglobin?
where the O2 attaches to the lungs
56
how much iron does the body normally contain?
4 grams
57
what % of the bodys iron content is in haemoglobin?
75%
58
where is the other 25% of the bodys iron content stored?
the spleen, liver and bone marrow
59
how much iron does 1ml of blood contain in a woman?
0.5mg
60
which is the most common type of amaemia?
iron deficiency anaemia
61
how is a diagnosis reached with iron deficient anaemia?
complete blood cell count blood smear test
62
what are some causes of iron deficient anaemia?
.chronic blood loss e.g. GI bleeds, heavy periods .poor intake of iron e.g. diet .pregnancy .absorption problems e.g. coeliac disease
63
what are some signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?
glossitis pallor tachycardia fatigue syncope SOB on exertion delayed healing
64
what is pernicious anaemia?
an autoimmune disorder where a lack of vit B12 or folate decreases the bodys ability to produce fully functioning RBC's
65
what does pernicious mean?
having a harmful effect
66
what is pernicious anaemia categorised by?
the presence of many large immature nucleated RBC's
67
what is there a lack of in pernicious anaemia?
lack of intrinsic factor therefore B12 cant be absorbed
68
what are the causes of pernicious anaemia?
possible genetic older people
69
what are the changes to the red blood cells in pernicious anaemia?
theyre not dividing properly so they become large and oval shaped
70
what are the signs and symptoms of pernicious anaemia?
.same as iron deficiency anaemia .irreversible nerve cell damage . tingling burning sensation in extremities
71
what is the treatment for pernicious anaemia?
vitamin B12 IM injections
72
what is aplastic anaemia?
an autoimmune condition when the bone marrow and stem cells do not produce enough RBC's, WBC's or platelets
73
what is aplastic anaemia also called?
bone marrow failure
74
is aplastic anaemia acute or chronic?
either
75
what 3 things make up aplastic anaemia?
anaemia, thrombocytopenia + leukocytopenia
76
where are most haematopoietic stem cells found that are destructed in aplastic anaemia?
flat bones such as ribs, pelvis and sternum
77
what are the causes of aplastic anaemia?
genetics Autoimmune medications toxins exposure
78
when is aplastic anaemia at its peak?
.early childhood .20-25yrs
79
what are some signs and symptoms of aplastic anaemia?
same iron deficient anaemia bruising bleeding recurrent infections
80
what is the treatment for aplastic anaemia?
blood transfusion bone marrow transplants Immunosuppressive therapy
81
what is sickle cell disease?
a group of inherited health conditions that affect the red blood cells.
82
who is sickle cell disease more common in?
African/Caribbean backgrounds
83
what is the most serious type of sickle cell disease?
sickle cell anaemia
84
what is sickle cell trait?
an inherited blood disorder where only one gene is affected
85
what is the difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait?
only one gene is affected in sickle cell trait unlike sickle cell disease where 2 are affected
86
how does sickle cell trait effect daily life?
people can live normal lives
87
what is sickle cell anaemia?
abnormal haemoglobin S production
88
what causes sickle cell anaemia?
genetics recessive gene sickle cell trait
89
which haemoglobin do most people have
haemoglobin A
90
what is haemoglobin S sensitive to?
low oxygenated conditions
91
what happens when haemoglobin S becomes deoxygenated?
the haemoglobin crystallises and changes the shape of the erythrocyte from a disc to a sickle
92
what things could cause the haemoglobin S to become deoxygenated?
high altitude infection blood loss weather exercise stress
93
when does sickle cell anaemia present?
over 6 months old
94
what are some complications of sickle cell anaemia?
short cell life span (20 days) splenomegaly leg ulcers gall stones acute chest syndrome
95
what are some signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia?
jaundice anaemia signs splenomegaly heart failure gallstones frequent infections
96
what is the treatment for a sickle cell anaemia crisis?
24/7 analgesia iv fluids bed rest remove restrictions blood transfusion folic acid supplement
97
what is the name for too much calcium in the blood?
Hypercalcemia

ASforP SAQ (3 decks)

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