Blood/lymph diseases Flashcards
Hyper/hypotension
high/low blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Clogged arteries
Thrombus
Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel (can lead to death)
Embolus
Freely floating thrombus
embolism
embolus obstructing blood vessel
Thrombocytopenia
deficient number of circulating platelets
Petechiae
Appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage from thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorders caused by missing factors (VIII, IX, XI)
A: most common type
B:
C: mild type
Prolonged bleeding. Treated by injecting missing factors
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Clotting causes bleeding.
- widespread clotting blocks intact blood vessels
- severe bleeding occurs because residual blood unable to clot
Anemia
low O2 carrying capacity
*fatigue, shortness of breathe, pallor, chills
Blood Loss ANemias
Hemorrhagic – rapid blood loss (wound)
*replace blood
Chronic Hemorrhagic anemia – slight but persistaent blood loss
*primary problem treated
Low RBC production anemias
Irondeficiency anemia – low iron intakes
*iron supplements
Pernicious anemia – Autoimmune disease that causes stomach to destroy intrinsic factor producing mucosa
*B12 injections
Renal anemia – lack of EPO
-treated with synthetic EPO
Aplastic anemia – destruction of red marrow by dregs, chemicals, radiation, viruses
High RBC Destruction
Hemolytic anemias – Premature RBC lyssis
Thalassemias – one globin chain absent/faulty
Sickle-cell anemia – RBCs crescent shaped or rupture easily
*inhale nitric oxide, others
Polycythemia vera
Bone marrow cancer –> excessive RBCS
*severly increased blood viscosity
Secondary Polycythemia
Less O2 available (high altitudes) or EPO production increases. Blood doping
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukemias
Cancerous Leukocytes fill red bone marrow. Immature nonfunctional WBCs in bloodstream. Death from internal hemorrhage and infections
Infectious Mononucleosis
Highly contagious. Like flu. “mono” high number of atypical agranulocytes
Immunopathology
When immune cells interfere with normal cell physiology
Type I : Immediate Hypersensitivity
(IgEAntibody mediated allergies. First time no symptoms; after many.
*Mast cells and Basophils. Histamine increased
IgE attach to mast cells and basophils after sensitivity stage. Next time antigens are identified and edema, mucous, vasodilation. Anaphylactic shock if systemic (bronchioles may collapse)
Type II: Subacute Cytotoxic Hypersensity
IgM&G antibody response. Bind to antigens and cause complement and phagocytosis (wrong blood transfusion)
Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
Insoluble antibodies that cannot be removed. Inflammation, cell lysis, and killing.
Type IV: Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
Helper T Cells. (ex poison ivy). Cytokine activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
Type V: Antibody Induced Cell Signaling Changes
Things meant to subdue actually stimulate
Severe combined Immunodeficiency syndrom
Insufficient B and T cells. Treated with Bone marrow transplants
AIDS
cripples immune system by destroying helper T cells
pericarditis
Roughening of pericardial –> inflammation
Angina Pectoris
Insufficeint blood supply to heart weakens cells
Myocardial infarction
Death of cells due to lack of blood supply from blockage
orthostatic hypotension
fainting upon standing because blood leaves head and pools in lower extremities
