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Asci Exam 3 > Blood, Lymph and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the direction of lymph flow?

A
  1. afferent lymphatics
  2. subcapsular sinus
  3. efferent lymphatics
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2
Q

What cells are found in lymph nodes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • phagocytes
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3
Q

What are the tissues of the macrophage and mononuclear cells phagocytic “system”?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • tissue macrophages
  • hepatic endothelium
  • splenic endothelium
  • bone marrow sinusoids
  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
  • gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
  • tonsils (pharynx)
  • Peyer’s patches
  • lymphatic drainage
    • thoracic duct
    • fluid returns back to the general circulation
    • drains lymph and chyle back to near the cranial vena cava
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4
Q

What are the palpable lymph nodes?

A

palpable lymph nodes – parotid (dog), mandibular, superficial cervical, axillary, superficial inguinal, popliteal

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5
Q

What is the spleen?

A
  • a reservoir for red blood cells
  • a sight of immune surveillance (especially phagocytosis) and removal of aged or damaged RBCs
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6
Q

What is the thymus?

A
  • disappears (atrophies) in the adult after puberty
  • cortex – site of T lymphocyte production, which go out and populate lymphoid tissues and structures
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7
Q

What is the 3 functions of blood?

A
  1. transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic waste products, cells and hormones
  2. regulation of body temperature and acid:base balance (pH)
  3. immunological defense
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8
Q

Describe blood volume among species…

A
  • n liters as % of body weight (kilograms) – important to consider to recognize in cases of fluid loss and circulation for pharmacology 2.2 lbs = 1 kg
  • human – 7% of body weight
  • dog – 7.2%
  • cow – 7.7%
  • sheep – 8%
  • horse – 9.7%
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9
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • fluid = plasma
    • constant exchange of inorganic salts with extracellular fluid space
    • contains 3 types of proteins (“plasma proteins”) – the plasma proteins contribute to the colloidal osmotic pressure within the vascular system
    • albumins – most abundant – transport of insoluble substances such as fatty acids
    • globulins – alpha, beta, gamma
      • transport proteins
      • gamma = immunoglobulins
    • fibrinogen – blood clotting
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10
Q

What is plasma?

A

serum and clotting factors

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11
Q

What is serum?

A

fluid component after clot is formed

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12
Q

Describe red blood cells…

A
  • red blood cells make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements
    • function: the transport of respiratory gasses (O2 and CO2)
    • live about 120 days
    • low RBC count = anemia
    • increased RBC count = polycythemia
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13
Q

Describe white blood cells…

A
  • white blood cells – leukocytes
  • immunologic functions
    • remove and defend against pathogens
    • remove abnormal cells
  • observe on peripheral blood smears
  • granulocytes or PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
    • neutrophil
    • eosinophil
    • basophil
  • mononuclear cells
    • monocytes
    • lymphocytes
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14
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A
  • description
    • granules contain lysosomal enzymes and bacterial compounds (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide)
    • very dense, segmented nucleus that forms 2-5 lobes –> also called PMNs
  • function: 1st line of defense (quick response)
    • phagocytosis of small pathogenic microorganisms
    • hydrogen peroxide kills bacteria
  • life space : hours - 3 days
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15
Q

What is a eosinophil?

A
  • description
    • large granules stain red with eosin
    • a bilobed nucleus
  • functions
    • attack objects (bacteria, protozoa, or cellular debris) by phagocytosis and exocytosis of toxic compound (nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes)
    • defend against large multicellular parasites
    • release anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions
  • life span: 10 - 12 days
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16
Q

What is a basophil?

A
  • description
    • rare and smaller
    • dense granules stain deep purple or blue with basic dye
    • nucleus generally can not be seen
  • functions
    • enhance inflammatory response by:
      • release histamine
        • dilates blood vessels
      • release heparin
        • prevents blood clotting
      • tissue mast cells release same compounds, but they are distinct populations with separate origins
  • life span: hours - 3 days
17
Q

What is a monocyte?

A
  • description
    • largest (twice the diameter of a RBC)
    • spherical
    • nucleus is large and tends to be oval or kidney bean shaped
  • functions
    • enter peripheral tissues to become a tissue macrophage – major and aggressive phagocytes
    • release chemicals to attract and stimulate other phagocytic cells
    • secrete substances that lure fibroblasts into the region to produce scar tissue
  • life span: months
18
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A
  • description
    • slightly larger than RBC
    • round and large nucleus, often look like nuclei without cytoplasm
    • migrate in and out of blood
    • mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs
  • type and functions
    • T cells: cell-mediated immunity: provide “killer” cells to directly attack foreign invaders
    • B cells: humoral immunity: production and distribution of antibodies
    • NK cells: immune surveillance: the detection and subsequent destruction of abnormal tissue cells
  • life span: days to years
19
Q

What is differential blood count?

A
  • RBCs outnumber WBCs 1000:1
  • differential count: the number of each type of cell in a sample of 100 WBCs
  • changes in infections, inflammation, and allergic reactions
20
Q

What are platelets and their other name?

A

thrombocytes
- description
- cell fragments; not complete cells. Megakaryocyte sheds cytoplasm to produce ~4000 platelets in a life time
- cytoplasm contains very small pink staining granules which contain some of the clotting factors
- function
1. release important clotting chemicals
2. temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
3. actively contract tissue after clot formation
- life span: 7 - 12 days

21
Q

What is the organization of the immune system?

A
  • nonspecific immunity
    • do not distinguish one type of threat from another
  • specific immunity
    • protect against particular threats
  • both nonspecific and specific immune responses are complementary and must function normally
22
Q

What is the physical barrier do?

A
  • keep hazardous materials outside the body by
    • epithelial covering barrier
    • specialized accessory structures and secretions of epithelial cells
      • hair
      • secretions (sweat, mucus, urine, etc.)
        • flush surface
        • contain bactericidal chemicals: lysozyme, antibodies
23
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A
  • first line of cellular defense
    • microphages: neutrophils and eosinophils
    • macrophages: fixed macrophages and free macrophages
  • attack and remove dangerous microorganisms
    • engulf a pathogen
    • bind to or remove a pathogen with assistance by other cells
    • destroy its target by releasing toxic chemicals
24
Q

What is immunological surveillance?

A
  • natural killer (NK) cells recognize and destroy abnormal cells by detecting the antigens on the cell membrane of abnormal cells
25
Q

What are interferons?

A
  • small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and by tissue cells infected with viruses
  • functions
    • trigger productions of antiviral proteins in normal cells
    • antiviral proteins
      • do not kill viruses
      • block replication in cell
26
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • 11 complement proteins (C)
  • complements, or supplements the action of antibodies
  • functions
    • destruction of target cell membranes by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) which creates a pore for cell lysis
27
Q

What is inflammation?

A
  • the first step in the healing process, characterized by swelling, redness, warmth, pain, and some loss of function
  • histamine: increases capillary permeability; heparin: inhibits clotting
  • function:
    1. temporary repair and barrier against pathogens
    2. retards spread of pathogens into surrounding areas
    3. mobilization of local and systemic defenses
28
Q

What does a fever do?

A
  • pyrogens
    • proteins that can reset body’s thermostat and raise body temperature
    • pathogens, bacterial toxins, and antigen-antibody complexes
  • within limits, for each 1 C rise in temperature, metabolism rate jumps by 10%
29
Q

What are specific defenses?

A
  • specific resistance (immunity)
    • responds to specific antigens
    • with coordination action of T cells and B cells
30
Q

What are T-cells?

A
  • thymus-dependent, 80% of circulating lymphocytes
  • 3 main types:
    • cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
      • attack cells physically by releasing perforin
      • produce cell-mediated immunity
    • Helper T cells
      • secrete cytokines to stimulate both T cells and B cells
      • most numerous T cells
    • suppressor T cells
      • inhibit T cell and B cell activities
31
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

involves close physical contact between activated killer T cells and foreign, abnormal or infected cells

32
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
  • attack antigens by producing specific antibodies
  • millions of populations, each with different antibody molecules
33
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A
  • 2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains
    • 1 pair of heavy chains
    • 1 pair of light chains
  • each chain contains
    • constant segments
      • 5 types: IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, or IgA
    • variable segments
      • contains antigen binding sites
      • determines the specificity of the antibody
      • ~ 100 million types of antibodies
34
Q

What is an IgG antibody?

A
  • 80% of all antibodies
  • mainly in plasma
35
Q

What is an IgE antibody?

A
  • attaches to exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells
  • important in allergic response
36
Q

What is an IgD antibody?

A
  • on surface of B cells
  • involved in B cell activation
37
Q

What is an IgM antibody?

A
  • first classes of antibody secreted after an antigen arrives
  • effective in forming immune complexes
38
Q

What is an IgA antibody?

A

primarily in glandular secretions: mucus, tears, saliva

39
Q

What is the 7 actions of antibodies?

A
  1. neutralization of antigen binding sites
  2. precipitation and agglutination
    1. formation of immune complex
  3. activation of complement
  4. attraction of phagocytes
  5. opsonization
    1. increasing phagocyte efficiency
  6. stimulation of inflammation
  7. prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

Asci Exam 3 (4 decks)

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