Blood Lectures Flashcards
What are the formed elements of the blood?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
These proteins (group) are important in inflammation & destruction of microorganisms
Complement proteins
The percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs is called
Hematocrit
The buffy coat is approximately what percent of the blood and contains what types of cells?
1% and the leukocytes (plus platelets)
Spectrin, acting, and protein 4.1 are all components of what?
Erythrocyte membrane skeleton
What are reticulocytes and what can they tell you about the blood? Why do they have blue specs?
They are recently released RBCs from the bone marrow. They are an indicator for the rate of erythrocyte production and should constitute 1% of blood. The blue is rRNA stained with brilliant cresyl blue
Name the Granular leukocytes (3) they have specific cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Name the Agranular leukocytes (2) they lack specific cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes and monocytes
A lobed heterochromatic nucleus, lack of nucleoli, salmon-pink cytoplasm with granules. These features describe what type of cell
Neutrophil
What are the main function(s) of a Neutrophil.
Phagocytosis and killing bacteria. They also display chemotaxis and cell motility.
The specific granules of neutrophils contain what molecules and what are their functions?
Lysozyme - hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
Lactoferrin - an iron binding protein
Netosis is found in what type of cell and what is its function
It is the release of a net-like structure capable of trapping microbes. Neutrophils have this
A bi-lobed nucleus, lack of azurophilic granules, and large eosinophillic specific cytoplasmic granules describe what cell type?
Eosinophil
The granules of eosinophils contain:
Major basic proteins
Eosinophil function to remove what kind of pathogen(s)?
Kill the larvae of parasitic worms through the use of major basic protein
Eosinophil functions include:
Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
Inactivate mediators of inflammation (eg. histamine & SRS-A)
Synthesize lipid mediators of inflammation (eg. leukotrienes)
Produce a variety of cytokines (eg. Ils 3,5,6,8,12)
A parasitic infection or an allergic reaction will increase what cell type in the blood?
Eosinophils
This cell type plays a large role in asthma.
Eosinophils. Bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, inflammation, and air-way remodeling (hyper-responsiveness)
This cell type has large azurophilic granules that obscure visualization of the nucleus
Basophils
The granules of basophils are rich in:
Heparin, Histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
Basophils play a role in what functions (3)?
Play a role in inflammation (generalized response)
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized or wide spread, mediated by IgE)
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (take 12-18 hrs. to develop)
Specific granules are found in what cell type(s)?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Azurophilic granules are found in what cell type(s)?
Neutrophils
Round heterochromatic nucleus and a thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm describe what type of cell?
Lymphocytes
What are the three classes of lymphocytes (4 actually but we do not need to differentiate 2, therefore 3)?
Small-medium lymphocytes
Large agranular lymphocytes (activated by specific antigens)
Large granular lymphocyte
B Lymphocytes differentiate into what two classes of cells and function under what type of immunity.
Plasma cells and memory B cells. They form the humoral immunity. Make up 10-15% of lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes differentiate into what classes and function as what type of immunity
Memory T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells). For Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
Cytotoxic T cells are capable of what functions? How do they perform these functions?
Killing foreign or viral infected cells. Lyse target cells via perforin. Induce apoptosis in target cells with granzymes.
Helper T cells function to do what
Assist B cells and T cells in their response to antigens, produce lymphokines. (they are the specific target of HIV)
Suppressor (regulator) T cells have the following functions
Dampen the response to foreign antigens, suppress immune response to self
Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) are synonymous with what type of cell?
Large Granular Lypmphocyte
NK cells function to do what?
Kill virus infected cells, kill malignant cells, produce IFN-gamma (influence host immune response)
Variably shaped nucleus (non-lobed), euchromatic nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, small azurophillic granules, VACUOLES!
Monocyte
Carries surface immunoglobulins
B lymphocyte
Specialized to recognize antigens attached to surfaces of other cells
T lymphocyte
Destroys transplanted and other foreign cells as well as virus-invaded cells
NK cell
Secretes factors that stimulate T and B lymphocytes in their response to some antigens
Helper T cell
Dampens responses to foreing antigens; plays a key role in suppressing responses to self antigens
Suppressor T cell
Where do platelets come from?
Megakaryocytes
Binds to DNA and glycosaminoglycan, stains nuclei purple, stains cytoplasmic granules of basophils and lysosome crimson
Azure B
Binds selectively to RNA, stains cytoplasm of RNA rich cells heavenly blue
Methylene Blue
Stains proteins, red-pink in color
Eosin
Large euchromatic nucleus, several nucleoli, large nuclei-cytoplasmic ration, heavenly blue cytoplasm, agranular (No cytoplasmic granules)
Blast (precursor cell)
Monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis
All blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell (hematopoietic stem cell)
RBCs, Granulocytes and monocytes are all produced where?
Bone marrow
Lymphocytes are produced where?
Lymphoid organs
Under normal conditions blasts, neutrophil promyelocytes, n. myelocytes, and n. metamyelocytes can only be observed where?
Bone marrow
Band cells and mature PMNs can be observed where?
Normal peripheral blood
Spherical nucleus, more condensed chromatin, azurophilic granules
Neutrophil promyelocyte
Each type of blood cell arises from its own stem cell. (Not as widely held theory)
Polyphyletic theory
Each blast gives rise to how many types of blood cells?
One cell type. They are monopotential
Azurophillic granules are _____ and they contain ____
primary lysozymes; hydrolytic enzymes
Round oval nucleus, more heterochromatic, no longer makes azuorphilic granules (purple), makes specific granules (pink), cytoplasm color shifts from heavenly blue to salmon pink
Neutrophilic Myelocyte
Kidney shaped nucleus, more condensed chromatin, numerous specific granules (pink), few azurophilic granules, salmon pink cytoplasm, can no longer go through mitosis
Neutrophilic metamyelocyte
When the indentation of the nucleus exceeds ½ the diameter of the round nucleus, the metamyelocyte has differentiated into a
Band cell (which can be seen in normal peripheral blood). The Band cell can have and S shaped nucleus as well.
A rough indication of the rate of neutrophil production in your patient can be determined by?
The percent of band cells in peripheral blood (normal is 1-5%)
An increase in the % of band cells indicates what?
that stress is being placed on the bone marrow to produce more neutrophils
When the segments between lobes have become thin heterochromatic filaments, the band has differentiated into a
Mature neutrophil
Describe the life span of Neutrophils (eosinophils and basophils are believed to go through the same maturation and kinetics)
9-14 days maturing in the bone marrow
1 day in peripheral blood
5 days in surrounding tissue
Red Bone marrow does what an is found where?
Hematopoiesis; flat bones of the body (sternum, vertebrae, ribs etc.)
Blood vessels, discontinuous sinusoids, cords of hematopoietic cells are characteristics of what?
Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow has more/less adipose tissue than yellow bone marrow
Less. Yellow bone marrow is almost entirely adipose tissue on a histological slide
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) niche
An interactive structural unit that nurtures stem cells and facilitates their activity. Interaction of the stem cells with the elements of the stem cell niche (cellular & ecm) is critical.
In the HSC nice what do osteoclasts function to do
create space in bone surface
In the HSC nice what do osteoblasts function to do
required for stem cell localization
Important ECM proteins of the HSC niche include
Laminin, fibronectin, and agrin
Alterations to the hematopoietic stem cell niche can lead to
myeloproliferative disease, that is a preleukemic condition
Yellow bone marrow can be found where? What functions does it have
Medullary cavities of all other bones in the adult. Functions to store reserve energy and reserve hematopoietic tissue.
Checkerboard nucleus, loss of nucleolus, and navy blue cytoplasm are characteristics of what cell type?
Basophilic Erythroblast (BEB). Navy blue color is due to the many free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Cell can divide 1-2 times
Decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia and an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia characterize what cell type?
Polychromatophilic erythroblast (PCE). Cell can divide 3-4 times mitotically
smaller heterochromatic nucleus, slightly polychromatophilic nucleus, terminal differentiation
Normoblast (NB). No longer capable of Mitosis
A normoblast turns into _____ before becoming ______. (Hint: extrusion of nucleus retention of a few polyribosomes and rRNA, happens 80% of the time)
Reticulocyte; erythrocyte
Describe the maturation timeline of an erythrocyte
1-2 days as a basophilic erythrocyte 3 days as a polychromatophil 3 days for normoblast to reticulocyte transition 1 day for reticulocyte to RBC transition Total time: 8-9 days
A normoblast turns into _____ before becoming ______. (Hint: Lose residual RNA before nuclear extrusion, looks like a nucleated RBC happens 20% of the time)
Orthochromatic erythrocyte (not present in normal peripheral blood); erythrocyte.
Can attenuate the risk of brain damage after stroke. Hypoxia stimulates its production.
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein hormone produced in the cortex of the kidney
Erythropoietin
What is the order of development for a RBC
Blast (erythroblast), basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast (after this stage it does not divide mitotically), normoblast, reticulocyte/ orthochromatic erythroblast, mature RBC.
Large cell with many cytoplasmic processes, contain a lot of ingested material in their cytoplasm, large pale staining nucleus, phagocytose extruded nuclei
Reticular cells. Found in the middle of an erythroblastic island
basophilic cytoplasm, negative image of Golgi apparatus, acentrically placed nucleus, “clock face” distribution of chromatin
Plasma cell (can be observed in bone marrow smears)
Large cell with large oval or spherical nucleus, homogeneous basophilic cytoplasm
Megakaryoblast
Huge cell, lobulated nucleus, increase in poidy up to 32-64n, eosinophilic cytoplasm, azurophilic granules in cytoplasm, invaginations of the cytoplasm
megakaryocyte
Megakaryocytes reside where, give rise to what, and where do they release the platelets?
They lie just outside of the discontinuous sinusoids, they give rise to platelets and release platelets into the sinusoids
Where do lymphoblasts reside?
Bone marrow
The nuclei of this cell type forms unusual shapes and can be any shape that it wants
Monocyte
