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Rad and Lab > Blood, Immune, Lymph > Flashcards

Blood, Immune, Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

A liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix.

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2
Q

What are the three general functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection.

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3
Q

What are the key points of transportation?

A

Transporting oxygen from to lungs to cells and carrying nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells and heat and waste products away from cells.

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4
Q

What is the regulation function?

A

Blood helps regulate the pH of body fluids. The heat-absorbing and coolant properties of the water in blood plasma. Osmotic pressure also influences the water content of cells.

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5
Q

What is the protection function of blood?

A

Blood clots in response to injury which protects it against excessive loss. White blood cells protect against disease by carrying phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies. Contains additional proteins called interferons and complement that also help protect against disease.

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6
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

100.4F or 38C. It’s slightly alkaline ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.

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7
Q

How much of the body’s weight does blood constitute?

A

8%

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8
Q

What is the blood volume in average adults?

A

5-6 liters male

4-5 liters female

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9
Q

What are the two parts of blood?

A

Formed elements and plasma.

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10
Q

What does WBC stand for?

A

White blood cell and it makes up the remaining one percent of blood volume along with platelets.

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11
Q

What constitutes 99 percent of formed elements?

A

Red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Total volume of blood occupied by red blood cells.

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13
Q

What is the normal range for HCT?

A

Males 42-52

Females 37-47

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14
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

A very thin layer that lies packed between the packed RBCs and blood plasma. It makes up less than 1 percent of total blood volume and consists of WBCs and platelets.

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15
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A

91.5 percent water, 7 percent proteins, and 1.5 percent solutes.

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16
Q

Where are proteins in the blood synthesized?

A

Mainly by the liver. The most plentiful plasma protein are albumins which account for about 54%.

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17
Q

Red blood cells or erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which colors the cells what?

A

Red

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18
Q

How much blood does a healthy adult have?

A

Male 5.4million

Female 4.8 million

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19
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

A

Only about 120 days.

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20
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cells?

A

5000-10000uL

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21
Q

How long do white blood cells live?

A

A few hours to a few days.

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22
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Combat pathogens and other foreign substances.

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23
Q

What do red blood cells have that white blood cells do not?

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

How are WBCs classified as?

A

Granular or Agranular, depending on whether they contain chemical filled cytoplasmic granule that are made visible by staining when viewed through a light microscope.

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25
Q

What are 50-70% or all WBCs?

A

Neutrophils. Nucleus has 2-5 lobes, cytoplasm has very fine lilac granules. Phagocytosis destroys bacteria with lysozymes, defensins, and strong oxidants.

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26
Q

What percentage do eosinophils make up of WBC?

A

1-5%. Nucleus has 2 lobes, cytoplasm full of arge, red orange granules. Suppresses effects of histamine in allergic reactions, also destroys certain parasitic worms.

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27
Q

Basophils

A

0-1% of all WBCs. Nucleus has two lobes, has large cytoplasmic granules that appear deep blue-purple. Releases heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions.

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28
Q

Lymphocytes

A

make up 20-40% of all WBCs. Nucleus is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm forms a thin rim around the nucleus that appears sky blue. Mediates immune responses, including antigen antibody reactions. B cells will transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells. While natural killer cells attack a wide variety of microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.

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29
Q

Monocytes

A

1-6% of all WBCs. Nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped, cytoplasm is blue-gray and has a foamy appearance. Is phagocytic.

30
Q

What is the normal platelet range?

A

450,000uL - 150,000uL

31
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that live for 5-9 days, they contain many vesicles ut no nucleus. Form platelet plug during hemostasis, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting.

32
Q

What is the process by which the formed elements blood develop?

A

Hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow is the primary site of hemopoiesis and continues as the source of blood cells after birth and throughout life.

33
Q

Where is the primary source of hemopoiesis?

A

Bone Marrow

34
Q

What stem cells have the capacity to develop into different cell types?

A

Pluripotent

35
Q

What are the two different cell types designated by specific hormones?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid

36
Q

What cells do Myeloid cells develop into?

A

Redcells, platelets, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes.

37
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells develop into?

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

38
Q

What are bands?

A

immature neutrophils that have a horseshoe shape and have not developed enough to be a segmented neutrophil.

39
Q

What shift is usually considered a poor prognosis?

A

Left shift or greater than 10 percent bands reading.

40
Q

What are blasts?

A

Associated with myelodysplastic disorders such as cytopenias with hyper-cellular bone marrow or morphologic abnormalitites in one or more hematopoietic cell lines.

41
Q

What are the mechanisms that prevent blood loss?

A

Hemostasis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation.

42
Q

What are the clotting coagulation factors?

A

Calcium ions, several enzymes that made by liver cells and released into blood, and various molecules associated with platelets or released by damages tissues.

43
Q

What are the three stages of clotting?

A

Step 1 Prothrombinase is formed
Step 2 Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin
Step 3 Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin with fibrin forming the threads of the clot.

44
Q

What are the combinations of glycolipids and glycoproteins antigens called?

A

Agglutinogens

45
Q

How many blood groups and antigens can be detected on the surface of red blood cells?

A

24 and 100

46
Q

What are the two major blood groups discussed here?

A

ABO and Rh

47
Q

What blood type is indicated for massive hemorrhage more than 10 units?

A

Whole Blood

48
Q

What is the ratio for packed RBCs?

A

1 to 1 to 1

49
Q

How long can autologous packed blood cells be stored for?

A

35 days

50
Q

How long can frozen RBCs be stored for?

A

Up to 10 years frozen or fourteen days refrigerated.

51
Q

If you have an A blood type what type of anti antigen do you have?

A

B

52
Q

What is the treatment for leukoagglutination reactions?

A

Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, and hydrocortisone.

53
Q

How many RBC and platelet donations are contaminated?

A

1-30,000 RBC and 1-5,000 platelets

54
Q

What is TRALI?

A

Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury

55
Q

What is the body system responsible for adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphatic System

56
Q

What is lymph

A

interstitial fluid that passes into lymphatic vessels and is similar to blood plasma

57
Q

How many liters each day filter from blood into the tissue spaces?

A

20

58
Q

What is the ratio in liters of fluid filtered daily that returns to the blood directly and that passes into lymphatic vessels?

A

17 and 3

59
Q

What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid, Transports dietary lipids, and carries out immune responses.

60
Q

How do lymphatic vessels begin?

A

As lymphatic capillaries

61
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Masses of B cells and T cells

62
Q

What are the two main ducts into which lymph flows?

A

Thoracic duct- main lymphcollectig duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left upper limb and the entire body below the ribs
Right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body

63
Q

What is the thymus?

A

a two-lobed organ located posterior to the sternum where t cells mature into functional t cells

64
Q

What is the largest single mass of lmphatic tissue in theh body?

A

Spleen, contians white pulp and red pulp

65
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Includes barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes and also includes varioous internal defenses.

66
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Involves lymhocytes called b cells and t cells and contains two types of adaptive immunity which are cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity

67
Q

What type of immunity are we born with?

A

Innate Immunity

68
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

specialized clls that perform phagocytosis.

69
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

about 5-20 percent of lymphocytes these have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells present in spleen nodes and red bone marrow they cause cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane.

70
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

Proteins creating holes in the plasma membrane of the microbe in order to cause it to burst.

71
Q

What are AMPS?

A

Antimicrobial proteins whose job it is to perform a wide range of antimicrobial activity

72
Q

What are MHCs?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex proteins

Rad and Lab (6 decks)

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