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Histology Exam 4 > Blood/Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood/Hemopoiesis Flashcards

0
Q

Composition of plasma:

A

Water, protein, and solutes

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1
Q

Blood is composed of?

A

Formed elements(cells) and plasma

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2
Q

Major proteins of blood:

A

Fibrinogen, albumin, globulins

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3
Q

Number of erythrocytes in peripheral blood?

A

25 trillion

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4
Q

Percent of total volume composed by red blood cells

A

45%

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5
Q

Physical feature, diameter, stain, and organelles of RBC.

A

Biconcave, 7-8um in diameter, eosinophilic, no nucleus or organelles

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6
Q

Fraction of mass of RBC that is hemoglobin

A

1/3

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7
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

Around 120 days

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8
Q

Organs that remove RBC

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

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9
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • newly formed RBCs from bone marrow
  • completion of hemoglobin synthesis
  • mature after 1-2 days
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10
Q

Sickle cell anemia genetic alteration?

A

Hemoglobin Beta-chain

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11
Q

Differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells stimulated by

A

Colony-stimulating factors

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12
Q

Types of colony stimulating factors

A

Interleukin-7(lymphoid precursors-B/T cell); granulocyte-monocytes CSF; monocytes CSF; granulocyte CSF

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13
Q

Function of erythropoietin

A

Originating from kidney causing CFU-E cells to differentiate into erythroblasts.

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14
Q

Basophilic erythroblasts

A

Ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm, increasing erythroblast basophilia.

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15
Q

Events leading to Polychromatophilic erythroblast formation

A

Ribosomes of basophilic erythroblast bind to hemoglobin mRNA, synthesize hemoglobin which reduces the cells basophilia.

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16
Q

Orthochromatic erythroblast

A

Cell with high hemoglobin concentrations and stains pink.

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17
Q

Heterochromatic involution description

A

Hemoglobin accumulates, nucleus condenses, sheds the nucleus and most mitochondria and polyribosomes.

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18
Q

Hemoglobin degraded into

A

Bilirubin and other materials

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19
Q

Bilirubin removed by, iron processed by

A

Bilirubin removed by bile; iron transported by serum glycoprotein transferrin to bone marrow to synthesize new hemoglobin.

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20
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Development of granulocytes

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21
Q

CFU-S

A

The precursor cell of granulocyte

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22
Q

Myeloblast appearance

A
  • first recognizable granulocyte precursor
  • large euchromatic nucleus with several nuclei
  • no granules in basophilic cytoplasm
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23
Q

Events leading to a promyelocyte

A
  • Cytoplasm of myeloblast accumulates a few azurophilic(nonspecific) granules.
  • nucleus accumulates heterochromatin
  • slight indentation on nucleus
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24
Q

Differentiation of promyelocyte

A
  • Promyelocyte differentiation begins as neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic specific granules accumulate in cytoplasm.
  • nucleus continues to condense and lobulate.
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25
Q

Metamyelocyte appearance

A
  • Accumulated many specific granules

- not yet complete process of nuclear oc indentation and lobulation

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26
Q

Monopoiesis and lymphopoiesis precursor cells

A

-Monocytes from CFU-S

Lymphocytes from lymphoblasts from CFU-Ly

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27
Q

Thrombopoietin induces

A

Megakaryocytes from megakaryoblasts from CFU-S

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28
Q

Description of megakaryocytes

A
  • 100um diameter
  • exist only in bone marrow
  • multilobulated
  • no cell division, becomes polyploid
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29
Q

Megakaryocytes location of platelet production

A

Bone a farrow vascular channels

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30
Q

Process of megakaryocyte fragmenting

A

Cell plasma membrane fuses with smooth ER membrane

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31
Q

Platelet lifespan

A

7-10 lifespan in blood

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32
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia:

A

Rapid growth of immature which blood cells; common in children

33
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia

A

Unregulated growth of white blood cells from myeloid lineage; common in adults

34
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia:

A

B cell cancer mainly in adult males

35
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Unregulated growth of myeloid cells in bone marrow.
Neutrophils, eiosinphils, basophils
Philadelphia chromosome translocation

36
Q

Sickle cell anemia amino acid substitution?

A

Valine is substituted for glutamic acid.

37
Q

Hb influence on other proteins?

A

Clusters band3, ankyrin, spectrin

38
Q

Deformed blood cells get stuck where?

A

Difficult passing through splenic sinuses, removed by macrophages.

39
Q

Endothelial cells and sickle cells?

A

Sickle cells can adhere to capillary endothelial cells, occluding vessels.

40
Q

Spleen and sickle cell anemia

A

Spleens enlarged by sequestering of the sickle cells in the cords and sinuses.

41
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis defect and deficiency

A
  • Defect in the RBC membrane resulting spheroidal and less deformable cells.
  • Deficient in spectrin.
  • Possibly deficient in ankyrin
42
Q

Proteins providing biconcave shape of RBC.

A

Spectrin in association with ankyrin and actin.

43
Q

Spherocytosis and blood smears.

A

Spherocytosis RBCs lack central pale zone

44
Q

Spherocyte locations to get stuck at?

A

Splenic cords and failure to pass into splenic sinuses.

45
Q

Spherocytes removed in the spleen by?

A

Splenic macrophages.

46
Q

Complications of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Anemia and splenomegaly(enlarged spleen)

47
Q

Three protein and their interactions.

A
  • Band3 integrated within RBC membrane and ankyrin.
  • Ankyrin within cell attached to Band3 and spectrin
  • Spectrin within cell attached to ankyrin.
48
Q

Diameter of platelets

A

2-5um

49
Q

Platelets origins

A

Derived from megakaryocytes.

50
Q

Physical features of megakaryocyte for platelet production

A
  • Platelet demarcation channels derived from plasma membrane

- continuous with the extracellular space

51
Q

Function of platelets

A

Blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

52
Q

Alpha granules location and what in character

A

Found in platelets, and lysosomal in character.

53
Q

Dense core granules internal substances

A

Serotonin, ADP, ATP, calcium

54
Q

Cytoskeleton component common in platelets

A

Cytoplasmic microtubules

55
Q

Platelet source of what Eiocansoid

A

Thromboxane(A2), a vasoconstrictor derived via cyclooxgenase.

56
Q

Physical change upon platelet activation

A
  • Discoid shape to flattened shape
  • Extensive ruffling of cell membrane
  • Microtubule redistribution
  • Rapid polymerization of actin into microfilaments
58
Q

Physical features of neutrophil

A

9-12um with 3 to 5 lobed nucleus and terminally differentiated.

59
Q

Specific granules location and internal substances

A
  • neutrophils

- alkaline phosphatase, phagocytins(antibacterial proteins)

60
Q

Azurophilic granules location and internal substances

A
  • neutrophils

- myeloperoxidase, lysosomal enzymes

61
Q

Role in inflammation

A

First phagocytic cell to appear during inflammation.

62
Q

Neutrophils percent of WBC

A

65-75%

63
Q

Physical appearance of immature neutrophils and lifespan

A

Horseshoe shaped nucleus, viable for 6-10hrs in blood and 2-3days in tissue

64
Q

Immature neutrophil

A

Stab/band cell

65
Q

Diameter of Basophil

A

10-12um

66
Q

Internal substances of Basophils

A
  • large basophilic granules
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • histamine
  • heparan sulfate proteoglycan
  • slow reacting substance
  • eosinophil chemotactic factor
67
Q

Appearance of Basophil nucleus and lifespan

A

Nucleus is lobed; 1-10hrs in blood

68
Q

Molecule that Basophils bind to

A

IgE

69
Q

Percent Basophil of WBC

A

0.5-2% of WBC

70
Q

Diameter of Eosinophil and appearance of nucleus

A

12-15um, bilobed nucleus

71
Q

Internal substances of Eosinophil

A
  • large eosinophilic granules
  • arylsulfatase
  • histaminase
  • acid phosphatase
  • ribonuclease
  • peroxidase
72
Q

Role of histaminase

A

Decrease severity of allergic reaction

73
Q

Action of eosinophil

A

Increased numbers in allergic reaction and parasitic infections, leave blood stream and enter connective tissue

74
Q

Percent eosinophil of WBC

A

0-4%, 6% in children

75
Q

Diameter of monocyte and nucleus appearance

A

20-25um, oval to kidney bean shaped(reniform) nucleus

76
Q

Monocytes contain?

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

Differentiation of monoctes

A

Differentiates when entering tissue into macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells

78
Q

Monocytes function

A

Important in regulation of immune response and inflammation

79
Q

Percent monocytes of WBC and lifespan

A

2-9% and 1-3days in blood.

80
Q

Diameter of lymphocytes

A

Small: 6-9um
Medium: 10-12um
Large: 13-18um

81
Q

Percent lymphocytes of WBC

A

20-35%

82
Q

Appearance of nucleus

A

Round and oval in small/medium; reniform in large. Little cytoplasm

Histology Exam 4 (2 decks)

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