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Histology Exam 4 > Blood/Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood/Hemopoiesis Flashcards

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0
Q

Composition of plasma:

A

Water, protein, and solutes

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1
Q

Blood is composed of?

A

Formed elements(cells) and plasma

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2
Q

Major proteins of blood:

A

Fibrinogen, albumin, globulins

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3
Q

Number of erythrocytes in peripheral blood?

A

25 trillion

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4
Q

Percent of total volume composed by red blood cells

A

45%

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5
Q

Physical feature, diameter, stain, and organelles of RBC.

A

Biconcave, 7-8um in diameter, eosinophilic, no nucleus or organelles

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6
Q

Fraction of mass of RBC that is hemoglobin

A

1/3

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7
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

Around 120 days

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8
Q

Organs that remove RBC

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

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9
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • newly formed RBCs from bone marrow
  • completion of hemoglobin synthesis
  • mature after 1-2 days
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10
Q

Sickle cell anemia genetic alteration?

A

Hemoglobin Beta-chain

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11
Q

Differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells stimulated by

A

Colony-stimulating factors

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12
Q

Types of colony stimulating factors

A

Interleukin-7(lymphoid precursors-B/T cell); granulocyte-monocytes CSF; monocytes CSF; granulocyte CSF

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13
Q

Function of erythropoietin

A

Originating from kidney causing CFU-E cells to differentiate into erythroblasts.

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14
Q

Basophilic erythroblasts

A

Ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm, increasing erythroblast basophilia.

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15
Q

Events leading to Polychromatophilic erythroblast formation

A

Ribosomes of basophilic erythroblast bind to hemoglobin mRNA, synthesize hemoglobin which reduces the cells basophilia.

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16
Q

Orthochromatic erythroblast

A

Cell with high hemoglobin concentrations and stains pink.

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17
Q

Heterochromatic involution description

A

Hemoglobin accumulates, nucleus condenses, sheds the nucleus and most mitochondria and polyribosomes.

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18
Q

Hemoglobin degraded into

A

Bilirubin and other materials

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19
Q

Bilirubin removed by, iron processed by

A

Bilirubin removed by bile; iron transported by serum glycoprotein transferrin to bone marrow to synthesize new hemoglobin.

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20
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Development of granulocytes

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21
Q

CFU-S

A

The precursor cell of granulocyte

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22
Q

Myeloblast appearance

A
  • first recognizable granulocyte precursor
  • large euchromatic nucleus with several nuclei
  • no granules in basophilic cytoplasm
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23
Q

Events leading to a promyelocyte

A
  • Cytoplasm of myeloblast accumulates a few azurophilic(nonspecific) granules.
  • nucleus accumulates heterochromatin
  • slight indentation on nucleus
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24
Differentiation of promyelocyte
- Promyelocyte differentiation begins as neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic specific granules accumulate in cytoplasm. - nucleus continues to condense and lobulate.
25
Metamyelocyte appearance
- Accumulated many specific granules | - not yet complete process of nuclear oc indentation and lobulation
26
Monopoiesis and lymphopoiesis precursor cells
-Monocytes from CFU-S | Lymphocytes from lymphoblasts from CFU-Ly
27
Thrombopoietin induces
Megakaryocytes from megakaryoblasts from CFU-S
28
Description of megakaryocytes
- 100um diameter - exist only in bone marrow - multilobulated - no cell division, becomes polyploid
29
Megakaryocytes location of platelet production
Bone a farrow vascular channels
30
Process of megakaryocyte fragmenting
Cell plasma membrane fuses with smooth ER membrane
31
Platelet lifespan
7-10 lifespan in blood
32
Acute lymphocytic leukemia:
Rapid growth of immature which blood cells; common in children
33
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Unregulated growth of white blood cells from myeloid lineage; common in adults
34
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia:
B cell cancer mainly in adult males
35
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Unregulated growth of myeloid cells in bone marrow. Neutrophils, eiosinphils, basophils Philadelphia chromosome translocation
36
Sickle cell anemia amino acid substitution?
Valine is substituted for glutamic acid.
37
Hb influence on other proteins?
Clusters band3, ankyrin, spectrin
38
Deformed blood cells get stuck where?
Difficult passing through splenic sinuses, removed by macrophages.
39
Endothelial cells and sickle cells?
Sickle cells can adhere to capillary endothelial cells, occluding vessels.
40
Spleen and sickle cell anemia
Spleens enlarged by sequestering of the sickle cells in the cords and sinuses.
41
Hereditary Spherocytosis defect and deficiency
- Defect in the RBC membrane resulting spheroidal and less deformable cells. - Deficient in spectrin. - Possibly deficient in ankyrin
42
Proteins providing biconcave shape of RBC.
Spectrin in association with ankyrin and actin.
43
Spherocytosis and blood smears.
Spherocytosis RBCs lack central pale zone
44
Spherocyte locations to get stuck at?
Splenic cords and failure to pass into splenic sinuses.
45
Spherocytes removed in the spleen by?
Splenic macrophages.
46
Complications of hereditary spherocytosis
Anemia and splenomegaly(enlarged spleen)
47
Three protein and their interactions.
- Band3 integrated within RBC membrane and ankyrin. - Ankyrin within cell attached to Band3 and spectrin - Spectrin within cell attached to ankyrin.
48
Diameter of platelets
2-5um
49
Platelets origins
Derived from megakaryocytes.
50
Physical features of megakaryocyte for platelet production
- Platelet demarcation channels derived from plasma membrane | - continuous with the extracellular space
51
Function of platelets
Blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution
52
Alpha granules location and what in character
Found in platelets, and lysosomal in character.
53
Dense core granules internal substances
Serotonin, ADP, ATP, calcium
54
Cytoskeleton component common in platelets
Cytoplasmic microtubules
55
Platelet source of what Eiocansoid
Thromboxane(A2), a vasoconstrictor derived via cyclooxgenase.
56
Physical change upon platelet activation
- Discoid shape to flattened shape - Extensive ruffling of cell membrane - Microtubule redistribution - Rapid polymerization of actin into microfilaments
58
Physical features of neutrophil
9-12um with 3 to 5 lobed nucleus and terminally differentiated.
59
Specific granules location and internal substances
- neutrophils | - alkaline phosphatase, phagocytins(antibacterial proteins)
60
Azurophilic granules location and internal substances
- neutrophils | - myeloperoxidase, lysosomal enzymes
61
Role in inflammation
First phagocytic cell to appear during inflammation.
62
Neutrophils percent of WBC
65-75%
63
Physical appearance of immature neutrophils and lifespan
Horseshoe shaped nucleus, viable for 6-10hrs in blood and 2-3days in tissue
64
Immature neutrophil
Stab/band cell
65
Diameter of Basophil
10-12um
66
Internal substances of Basophils
- large basophilic granules - hydrolytic enzymes - histamine - heparan sulfate proteoglycan - slow reacting substance - eosinophil chemotactic factor
67
Appearance of Basophil nucleus and lifespan
Nucleus is lobed; 1-10hrs in blood
68
Molecule that Basophils bind to
IgE
69
Percent Basophil of WBC
0.5-2% of WBC
70
Diameter of Eosinophil and appearance of nucleus
12-15um, bilobed nucleus
71
Internal substances of Eosinophil
- large eosinophilic granules - arylsulfatase - histaminase - acid phosphatase - ribonuclease - peroxidase
72
Role of histaminase
Decrease severity of allergic reaction
73
Action of eosinophil
Increased numbers in allergic reaction and parasitic infections, leave blood stream and enter connective tissue
74
Percent eosinophil of WBC
0-4%, 6% in children
75
Diameter of monocyte and nucleus appearance
20-25um, oval to kidney bean shaped(reniform) nucleus
76
Monocytes contain?
Lysosomes
77
Differentiation of monoctes
Differentiates when entering tissue into macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells
78
Monocytes function
Important in regulation of immune response and inflammation
79
Percent monocytes of WBC and lifespan
2-9% and 1-3days in blood.
80
Diameter of lymphocytes
Small: 6-9um Medium: 10-12um Large: 13-18um
81
Percent lymphocytes of WBC
20-35%
82
Appearance of nucleus
Round and oval in small/medium; reniform in large. Little cytoplasm

Histology Exam 4 (2 decks)

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