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Unit 3 > Blood & Heart > Flashcards

Blood & Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Circulatory System

A
  1. The Cardiovascular System (CVS) = the heart and “blood” vessels
  2. The Lymphatic System = A system of vessels, nodes, and associated structures that is in series with the cardiovascular system
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2
Q

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

A

Function: transport of nutrients, hormones, oxygen; waste, carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Functions are:

a. The Immune Response
b. Receiving absorbed fat from the digestive tract
c. Controlling volume of interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Hematology

A
  • the study of blood; 2 major portions,

* plasma + formed elements

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5
Q

Plasma (Blood Matrix)

A
  • a water based, complex solution
  • Major solutes =
    • salts, minerals
    • bicarbonate buffer
    • sugars, amino acids, vitamins
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6
Q

Plasma Proteins (most made by your liver)

A 
• Albumins
• Globulins
   – Including antibodies (made by lymphocytes)
• Lipoproteins
• Clotting Factors
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7
Q

Formation of blood = Hemopoiesis

A
  • formed elements arise from a single cell type (myeloid tissue + lymphoid tissue)
  • hemocytoblast
  • differentiates into 2 cell types which produce all other blood cells
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8
Q

Characteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  1. anucleate
  2. lack mitochondria
  3. bluish to fire-engine red
  4. 1/3 full of hemoglobin
  5. carry oxygen, but can’t use it
  6. flexible, disc-shaped
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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Carries oxygen on “heme” molecules bonded to iron

- Each hemoglobin protein carries 4 oxygen molecules

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10
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A
  • from megakaryocytes
  • granulated cell fragments
  • involved in blood coagulation
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11
Q

WBCs - 2 classes

A
  1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

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12
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Have prominent intracellular granules and “lobed” or segmented nuclei
  • Has 3 types:
    • Neutrophils (60-70% of WBC, first at infection site)
    • Eosinophils (1-4% of WBC)
    • Basophils (< 1% of WBC)
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13
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • PMNL = Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes

* “neutral” granules involved in phagocytosis

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14
Q

Eosinophils

A

“Acidic” red staining granules involved in fighting parasitic infections, dissolving clots and minor phagocytosis

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15
Q

Basophils

A

“Basic” blue staining granules involved in inflammation responses

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16
Q

Agranulocytes

A 
• Non-segmented (non-lobed) nuclei, but shape of nucleus may still vary
• No prominent granules
• Has 3 types:
     - monocytes (3-8% of WBC)
     - macrophages (activated monocytes)
     - lymphocytes (20-30% of WBC)
17
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Heart
  2. Layers of heart
  3. Epicardium
  4. Parietal pericardium
18
Q

The Heart

A

A dual pump (R and L)

• Function: to adequately perfuse head and body tissues against peripheral resistance OR to initiate blood flow

19
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A
  • endocardium = t. intima of the heart, simple squamous epi., + loose CT
  • myocardium = t. media; cardiac muscle
20
Q

Epicardium

A

(t.externa) (visceral pericardium) = simple squamous epi + loose CT

21
Q

Parietal pericardium

A
  • A fibrous CT loose fitting sac lined with simple squamous epi.
  • Stabilizes the position of the heart through its peripheral attachments
22
Q

The four chambers - dual pump

A
  1. Atria = thin-walled receiving chambers, derived from veins
  2. Ventricles = thick-walled, pumping chambers derived from arteries
23
Q

Atria

A
  • auricles = folded extensions of the atria, increase volume
  • pectinate muscle = atrial muscle, “honeycomb” appearance
  • R atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit
  • openings: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
  • L atrium receives blood from: the lungs
  • openings from pulmonary veins
24
Q

Ventricles

A
  • trabeculae carnae = “crossbars of flesh”
  • R ventricle thinner wall, pumps to lungs
  • moderator bands control the volume of the RV if present
  • L ventricle 2-3 X’s thicker than the RV, pumps to systemic circuit
25
Q

Septa cross walls or dividers of the hearts

A
  1. interatrial - between atria
  2. interventricular - between ventricles
  3. atrioventricular - between atria and ventricles (2 parts)
26
Q

2 Parts of atrioventricular

A

A. cardiac skeleton: a fibrous CT skeleton supporting the heart valves and chambers
B. heart valves (in the atrioventricular septum) 4 in 2 sets
- atrioventricular (cuspid valves) between atria and ventricles
- semilunar valves between ventricles and major arteries

27
Q

Functions of the heart valves

A
  • atrioventricular (AV) valves: between atria and ventricles

- semilunar (SLV) valves: between ventricles and major arteries

28
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  • (AVVs) permit: atrioventricular flow
  • (AVVs) prevent: ventriculoatrial reflux
  • AVVs are attached to accessory structures
  • chordae tendineae - fibrous cords, “heart strings”
  • papillary muscles - fingerlike muscles attached to chordae tendineae
  • keep AVVs closed during ventricular contraction
29
Q

Semilunar (SLV) valves

A
  • major arteries = pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • (SLVs) permit: ventriculoarterial flow
  • (SLVs) prevent: arterioventricular reflux
30
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System

A 
• sends rhythmic impulses through the heart to synchronize heart rate and stimulate contraction
• types of nodes:
     - sinoatrial node (SA Node)
     - atrioventricular node (AV Node)
• the atrioventricular bundle
31
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Pacemaker, located in the R atrium near the superior vena cava

32
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

The first structure used to stimulate contraction of the ventricles, located near the center of the AV septum

33
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

The (AV) bundle of HIS
• bundle branches lead to the L and R ventricle respectively
• Purkinje fibers terminal branches of the conduction system, continuous with cardiac muscle fibers

34
Q

Major CVS Circuits

A
  1. systemic: LH -> H & B -> RH; high variable resistance circuit
    – coronary (the vasa vasorum of the heart) LH -> H -> RH
    – Part of the systemic circuit
  2. pulmonary: RH -> L -> LH; low, constant resistance circuit
    – In series with the systemic circuit
35
Q

Types of blood vessels functional classes

A
  • arteries: resistance vessels, high-pressure lines, carry blood away from heart
  • veins: capacitance vessels, low-pressure lines, carry blood to the heart
  • capillaries: exchange vessels

Unit 3 (6 decks)

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