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Blood > Blood grouping > Flashcards

Blood grouping Flashcards

1
Q

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of ________ which are also called _____________.

A

antigens; agglutinogens

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2
Q

The ABO blood group is based on two _________ antigens called A and B.

A

glycolipid

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3
Q

People whose RBCs display only antigen A have what blood type?

A

Type A blood

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4
Q

People whose RBCs display only antigen B have what blood type?

A

Type B blood

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5
Q

People whose RBCs display both antigens A and B have what blood type?

A

Type AB blood

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6
Q

People whose RBCs doesn’t display neither antigen A or B have what blood type?

A

Type O blood

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7
Q

Circulating in the plasma of each person are natural
________ for those ________ not present on the
RBCs.

A

antibodies; antigens

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8
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type A blood group has in its plasma?

A

anti-B antibodies

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9
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type B blood group has in its plasma?

A

anti-A antibodies

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10
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type AB blood group has in its plasma?

A

It has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

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11
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type O blood group has in its plasma?

A

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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12
Q

Which blood group is known as “universal recipients” and why?

A

Blood group AB

Blood group AB makes no antibodies therefore will not react with any type of donated blood.

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13
Q

Which blood group is known as “universal donor” and why?

A

Blood group O

Blood group O have no antigens and will therefore not stimulate anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

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14
Q

A person with blood type A can donate blood to which blood type?

A

Blood type A and AB

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15
Q

A person with blood type B can donate blood to which blood type?

A

Blood type B and AB

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16
Q

A person with blood type AB can donate blood to which blood type?

A

Blood type AB only.

17
Q

A person with blood type O can donate blood to which blood type?

A

Blood type A, B, AB and O.

18
Q

A person with blood type A can receive blood from which blood type?

A

Blood type A and O.

19
Q

A person with blood type B can receive blood from which blood type?

A

Blood type B and O.

20
Q

A person with blood type AB can receive blood from which blood type?

A

Blood type A, B, AB and O.

21
Q

A person with blood type O can receive blood from which blood type?

A

Blood type O only.

22
Q

Define agglutination?

A

It is the binding of the antibodiesthat causes foreign RBCs to clump, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.

23
Q

Define hemolysis?

A

It is the rupture of RBCs.

Note: Hemolysis does not occur with the first transfusion because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.

24
Q

How many types of RH agglutinogens are there?

A

45 different types, all called RH factor.

25
Q

Where was RH antigen(agglutinogen D) originally identified?

A

In rhesus monkey.

26
Q

How does anti-RH antibodies differ from the ABO system antibodies?

A

They do not spontaneously form in the blood of Rh(-) individuals.

27
Q

What is a transfusion reaction?

A

It occurs when mismatched blood is infused, by which the recipient’ s plasma antibodies attack the
donor’s red blood cells.

28
Q

What is the initial event during a transfusion reaction?

A

Agglutination of the foreign red blood cells clogs small blood vessels throughout the body.

29
Q

What happens after a few hours after agglutination during a transfusion reaction?

A

The clumped red blood cells begin to rupture or are

destroyed by phagocytes, and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream.

30
Q

What happens after hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream during a transfusion reaction?

A
  • Oxygen carrying capability of the transfused blood cells is disrupted.
  • The clumping of the RBCs in small blood vessels hinders blood flow.
  • Circulating hemoglobin passes freely into the kidney tubules, causing cell death and renal failure.
31
Q

What are the signs of hemolytic reactions?

A
  • Fever greater than 38 degree.
  • Tachycardiac
  • Severe pain
  • Restlessness
  • Rigors
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Headache
  • Difficulty in breathing
  • hypotension

Blood (4 decks)

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