Blood grouping

Question 1

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of ________ which are also called _____________.

Answer 1

antigens; agglutinogens

Question 2

The ABO blood group is based on two _________ antigens called A and B.

Answer 2

glycolipid

Question 3

People whose RBCs display only antigen A have what blood type?

Answer 3

Type A blood

Question 4

People whose RBCs display only antigen B have what blood type?

Answer 4

Type B blood

Question 5

People whose RBCs display both antigens A and B have what blood type?

Answer 5

Type AB blood

Question 6

People whose RBCs doesn’t display neither antigen A or B have what blood type?

Answer 6

Type O blood

Question 7

Circulating in the plasma of each person are natural
________ for those ________ not present on the
RBCs.

Answer 7

antibodies; antigens

Question 8

What type of antibodies does a person with type A blood group has in its plasma?

Answer 8

anti-B antibodies

Question 9

What type of antibodies does a person with type B blood group has in its plasma?

Answer 9

anti-A antibodies

Question 10

What type of antibodies does a person with type AB blood group has in its plasma?

Answer 10

It has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

Question 11

What type of antibodies does a person with type O blood group has in its plasma?

Answer 11

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Question 12

Which blood group is known as “universal recipients” and why?

Answer 12

Blood group AB

Blood group AB makes no antibodies therefore will not react with any type of donated blood.

Question 13

Which blood group is known as “universal donor” and why?

Answer 13

Blood group O

Blood group O have no antigens and will therefore not stimulate anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Question 14

A person with blood type A can donate blood to which blood type?

Answer 14

Blood type A and AB

Question 15

A person with blood type B can donate blood to which blood type?

Answer 15

Blood type B and AB

Question 16

A person with blood type AB can donate blood to which blood type?

Answer 16

Blood type AB only.

Question 17

A person with blood type O can donate blood to which blood type?

Answer 17

Blood type A, B, AB and O.

Question 18

A person with blood type A can receive blood from which blood type?

Answer 18

Blood type A and O.

Question 19

A person with blood type B can receive blood from which blood type?

Answer 19

Blood type B and O.

Question 20

A person with blood type AB can receive blood from which blood type?

Answer 20

Blood type A, B, AB and O.

Question 21

A person with blood type O can receive blood from which blood type?

Answer 21

Blood type O only.

Question 22

Define agglutination?

Answer 22

It is the binding of the antibodiesthat causes foreign RBCs to clump, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.

Question 23

Define hemolysis?

Answer 23

It is the rupture of RBCs.

Note: Hemolysis does not occur with the first transfusion because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.

Question 24

How many types of RH agglutinogens are there?

Answer 24

45 different types, all called RH factor.

Question 25

Where was RH antigen(agglutinogen D) originally identified?

Answer 25

In rhesus monkey.

Question 26

How does anti-RH antibodies differ from the ABO system antibodies?

Answer 26

They do not spontaneously form in the blood of Rh(-) individuals.

Question 27

What is a transfusion reaction?

Answer 27

It occurs when mismatched blood is infused, by which the recipient' s plasma antibodies attack the donor's red blood cells.

Question 28

What is the initial event during a transfusion reaction?

Answer 28

Agglutination of the foreign red blood cells clogs small blood vessels throughout the body.

Question 29

What happens after a few hours after agglutination during a transfusion reaction?

Answer 29

The clumped red blood cells begin to rupture or are | destroyed by phagocytes, and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream.

Question 30

What happens after hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream during a transfusion reaction?

Answer 30

- Oxygen carrying capability of the transfused blood cells is disrupted. - The clumping of the RBCs in small blood vessels hinders blood flow. - Circulating hemoglobin passes freely into the kidney tubules, causing cell death and renal failure.

Question 31

What are the signs of hemolytic reactions?

Answer 31

- Fever greater than 38 degree. - Tachycardiac - Severe pain - Restlessness - Rigors - Vomiting - Diarrhoea - Headache - Difficulty in breathing - hypotension