blood glucose Flashcards
what processes does the endocrine system maintain more: internal or external
internal
how do the endocrine and nervous system work together
coordinated activities - nervous may turn on or off hormones and visa versa
true/false: all cells in the body are target cells for one or more hormones, but not all cells respond to a particular hormone (then turns into negative feedback loop)
what organ secretes insulin and glucagon?
pancreas
what type of diffusion is glucose -> cells
facilitated diffusion - requires a carrier protein
do all cell types have the same glucose transporter molecule?
no
what type of cells require insulin to bind to a receptor before glucose transporter is activated and moves glucose across cell membrane?
muscle, adipose, and many other cells in the body
what is the main action of insulin?
permit transport of glucose across plasma membrane from blood -> cells
what is the normal fasting blood glucose levels?
60-110 mg/dl
what detects a change in blood glucose levels?
Beta cells
what are the steps when beta cells detect high blood glucose
beta release insulin -> transported to target cells -> glucose can move into cell via glucose transporter
what cells do NOT require insulin to uptake glucose
liver, brain, kidney tubules, and intestinal mucosa
what is the stimulus to release glucagon
decreased BG levels usually during fasting and starvation
steps of releasing glucagon
beta cells detect low BG -> alpha cells release glucagon -> amplification mechanism -> mobilize to break down glucagon and release glucose molecules
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
what stimulates gluconeogenesis
glucagon - stimulates glucose from amino acids
what is the impact of epinephrine on BG
usually stimulated by stressful situation: increases SANS
what is diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin or inability of insulin to act on cells
what are some symptoms of diabetes?
- hyperglycemia
- excretion of glucose in urine (glucosuria)
- large volume of water excreted (polyuria)
- stimulates excessive water intake (polydipsia)
how does the body compensate when the body cannot metabolize glucose (diabetes)
body metabolizes fats and proteins - but this creates ketones (from fat breakdown) they are excreted in urine but make the blood more acidic (can lead to acidosis -> diabetic coma)
what is insulin resistance
inappropriate high glucose production during fasting and deficient glucose uptake following a meal
what is the characteristics of insulin in type 2 diabetes?
defects in insulin receptor site, number of receptors, or post receptor site within cell
what are the blood glucose levels of a diabetic (fasting, post meal, and 2 hrs later)
- more than 126 mg%
- equal to or greater than 200 mg %
- equal to or greater than 200 mg%
what levels of BG is renal threshold when glucose is then excreted into urine
170-180 or greater