blood glucose

Question 1

what processes does the endocrine system maintain more: internal or external

Answer 1

internal

Question 2

how do the endocrine and nervous system work together

Answer 2

coordinated activities - nervous may turn on or off hormones and visa versa

Question 3

true/false: all cells in the body are target cells for one or more hormones, but not all cells respond to a particular hormone (then turns into negative feedback loop)

Question 4

what organ secretes insulin and glucagon?

Answer 4

pancreas

Question 5

what type of diffusion is glucose -> cells

Answer 5

facilitated diffusion - requires a carrier protein

Question 6

do all cell types have the same glucose transporter molecule?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what type of cells require insulin to bind to a receptor before glucose transporter is activated and moves glucose across cell membrane?

Answer 7

muscle, adipose, and many other cells in the body

Question 8

what is the main action of insulin?

Answer 8

permit transport of glucose across plasma membrane from blood -> cells

Question 9

what is the normal fasting blood glucose levels?

Answer 9

60-110 mg/dl

Question 10

what detects a change in blood glucose levels?

Answer 10

Beta cells

Question 11

what are the steps when beta cells detect high blood glucose

Answer 11

beta release insulin -> transported to target cells -> glucose can move into cell via glucose transporter

Question 12

what cells do NOT require insulin to uptake glucose

Answer 12

liver, brain, kidney tubules, and intestinal mucosa

Question 13

what is the stimulus to release glucagon

Answer 13

decreased BG levels usually during fasting and starvation

Question 14

steps of releasing glucagon

Answer 14

beta cells detect low BG -> alpha cells release glucagon -> amplification mechanism -> mobilize to break down glucagon and release glucose molecules

Question 15

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 15

breakdown of glycogen

Question 16

what stimulates gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

glucagon - stimulates glucose from amino acids

Question 17

what is the impact of epinephrine on BG

Answer 17

usually stimulated by stressful situation: increases SANS

Question 18

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 18

lack of insulin or inability of insulin to act on cells

Question 19

what are some symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 19

1. hyperglycemia
2. excretion of glucose in urine (glucosuria)
3. large volume of water excreted (polyuria)
4. stimulates excessive water intake (polydipsia)

Question 20

how does the body compensate when the body cannot metabolize glucose (diabetes)

Answer 20

body metabolizes fats and proteins - but this creates ketones (from fat breakdown) they are excreted in urine but make the blood more acidic (can lead to acidosis -> diabetic coma)

Question 21

what is insulin resistance

Answer 21

inappropriate high glucose production during fasting and deficient glucose uptake following a meal

Question 22

what is the characteristics of insulin in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

defects in insulin receptor site, number of receptors, or post receptor site within cell

Question 23

what are the blood glucose levels of a diabetic (fasting, post meal, and 2 hrs later)

Answer 23

1. more than 126 mg%
2. equal to or greater than 200 mg %
3. equal to or greater than 200 mg%

Question 24

what levels of BG is renal threshold when glucose is then excreted into urine

Answer 24

170-180 or greater

Question 25

what are the units for blood glucose?

Answer 25

mg % or mg/dl or mg/100 ml